Table 4.

Summary of fabrication methods and encapsulation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactives by polysaccharide nanogel.

Bioactive encapsulant and encapsulant type	Encapsulation technique	Nanogel composition	Encapsulation efficiency (%)	Loading methods of bioactive ingredient	Reference
Curcumin (Hydrophobic)	Physically crosslinked method	Aminated chitosan, tripolyphosphate, folate acid	94	Curcumin was dispersed in an aminated chitosan, folate acid, or tripolyphosphate solution followed by ultrasound treatment. Centrifuged the dispersion and washed the precipitates with acetic acid solution and deionized water to obtain the nanogel.	(X. Sun et al., 2019)
Curcumin (Hydrophobic)	Physically crosslinked method	Sodium alginate, CS, calcium chloride	10–13	Incorporating curcumin-ethanol stock solution in calcium chloride solution. The solution was added to the sodium alginate aqueous solution, and the CS solution was dropped into the system.	(R. K. Das, Kasoju, & Bora, 2010)
Curcumin (Hydrophobic)	Physically crosslinked method	Soybean protein isolate-dextran conjugate (SDC)	89.1	SDC was dissolved in water through pH adjustment and thermal treatment. Subsequently, incorporate curcumin ethanolic solution into the system through homogenization. The final curcumin-loaded nanogel is obtained through centrifugation and lyophilization processes.	(Y. X. Sun et al., 2024)
Resveratrol (Hydrophobic)	Physically crosslinked method	Trimethyl chitosan	46–72	Add RV to TMC aqueous solution. Introduce a TPP, alginate, or a mixed solution of TPP and alginate dropwise into the resultant solution.	(Min et al., 2018)
Curcumin (Hydrophobic)	Chemically crosslinked method	Chitosan hydrochloride, carboxymethyl starch	89–94	A curcumin-ethanol solution was added to the CHC solution to prepare the Cur-CHC stock solution. CMC solution of carboxyl groups activated by EDC was added into the stock solution to form amide bond and followed by washing and centrifugation to get nanogel.	(X. M. Li et al., 2019)
β-Carotene (Hydrophobic)	Physically crosslinked method	Pectin, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-CD)	–	β-Carotene-acetone solution was added to the preheated HP-CD solution with stirring. After evaporating acetone, the resultant solution was dropwise to pectin solution to obtain the final nanoparticle.	(Celitan et al., 2022)
Riboflavin (Hydrophillic) and quercetin (Hydrophobic)	Physically crosslinked method	Gallic acid modified chitosan (GCS), Ovalbumin (OVA)	66 (riboflavin) 96 (quercetin)	Add riboflavin-water or quercetin-ethanol solution to the OVA solution with stirring. Introduce the resultant solution into GCS solution and supplement with calcium chloride solution to obtain nanoparticles.	(L. Li et al., 2022)
Green coffee extract (Hydrophillic)	Chemically crosslinked method	Carrageenan,	–	Dissolve Carrageenan in water, then incorporate green coffee extract at varying concentrations. Subsequently, the mixture is combined with glutaraldehyde to form crosslinked networks and purified through dialysis to yield the final nanogel systems.	(Khalaf, Gouda, Taleb, Heakal, & El-Lateef, 2024)
Blueberry anthocyanins (Hydrophillic)	Physically crosslinked method	Olive pectin (PC), chitosan (CS)	92	ANCs and PC solution were added to CS-acetic acid solution and followed by adjusting pH of this system.	(C. Xie et al., 2023)
Oyster peptides (Hydrophillic)	Physically crosslinked method	Carboxymethyl chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose	92.7	Commence by incorporating oyster peptide solution into carboxymethyl chitosan to form a homogeneous mixture. Subsequently, introduce this mixture into the carboxymethyl cellulose solution. The nanogel was obtained by pH adjustment and thermal treatment	(P. Zhang et al., 2024)
Blueberry anthocyanins (Hydrophillic)	Physically crosslinked method	Pectin, lysozyme	73	Mix the pectin, lysozyme, and anthocyanin solution with pH 5 in the ice bath, followed by stirring at room temperature to form a nanogel.	(Rosales, da Silva, Lourenço, Hassimotto, & Fabi, 2021)
Anthocyanins (Hydrophoillic)	Physically crosslinked method	Chitosan, pectin	67	Anthocyanin powder was added to the chitosan solution to form CS-ANC complexes, followed by dropwise pectin solution into the mixture to form nanogel.	(Zhao et al., 2020)
Cyanidin-3-glucoside (Hydrophillic)	Physically crosslinked method	Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), β-cyclodextrin graft epichlorohydrin (β-CD-EP), CaCl2	48	Combine C3G, β-CD-EP, CMC solution, and CaCl2 solution with carboxymethyl chitosan solution. Stir at 800 rpm for 30 min to form a nanogel.	(J. Sun et al., 2022)