Table 1.
Comparison of the used agents and techniques for analgesia and sedation
| Agent/technique | Percentage (95% confidence interval) | |||
| < 24 h | 24–72 h | >72 h | Weaning | |
| Midazolam | 45.9 (36.1–55.6) | 77.3 (71.0–83.6) | 90.5 (86.4–94.5) | 34.1 (23.4–44.8) |
| Diazepam | 0.0 | 2.7 (- 10.3–15.8) | 3.2 (- 9.8–16.2) | 2.3 (- 10.8–15.3) |
| Propofol | 81.4 (75.7–87.1) | 55.9 (47.2–64.7) | 26.4 (15.0–37.7) | 72.3 (65.3–79.3) |
| Methohexital | 1.4 (- 11.8–14.5) | 2.7 (- 10.3–15.8) | 4.1 (- 8.9–17.0) | 2.3 (- 10.8–15.3) |
| GHBA | 4.5 (8.4–17.5) | 7.7 (- 5.0–20.4) | 10.9 (- 1.5–23.4) | 9.6 (- 3.0–22.1) |
| Remifentanil | 5.9 (- 6.9–18.7) | 2.3 (- 10.8–15.3) | 1.4 (- 11.8–14.5) | 5.9 (- 6.9–18.7) |
| Alfentanil | 1.8 (- 11.3–14.9) | 2.3 (- 10.8–15.3) | 0.9 (- 12.3–14.1) | 1.8 (- 11.3–14.9) |
| Fentanyl | 40.0 (29.8–50.3) | 55.9 (47.1–64.7) | 65.0 (57.2–72.8) | 30.0 (19.0–41.0) |
| Sufentanil | 35.0 (24.4–45.7) | 47.7 (38.2–57.3) | 43.6 (33.7–53.5) | 41.8 (31.8–51.9) |
| Piritramid | 38.2 (27.8–48.6) | 15.5 (3.3–27.6) | 9.1 (- 3.5–21.7) | 25.5 (14.1–36.9) |
| Morphine | 8.6 (- 4.0–21.3) | 4.5 (- 8.4–17.5) | 7.3 (- 5.5–20.0) | 8.6 (- 4.0–21.3) |
| PCA | 25.5 (14.0–36.9) | 15.5 (3.3–27.6) | 9.5 (- 3.0–22.1) | 12.3 (- 0.1–24.7) |
| Ketamine (S) | 6.8 (- 5.9–19.6) | 20.0 (8.2–31.8) | 19.1 (13.6–36.4) | 5.0 (- 7.9–17.9) |
| Clonidine | 35.9 (25.3–46.5) | 48.2 (38.7–57.7) | 56.4 (47.7–65.1) | 62.7 (54.6–70.8) |
| NSAIDs | 26.8 (15.6–38.2) | 13.2 (0.8–25.5) | 10.5 (- 2.1–23.0) | 14.1 (1.8–26.3) |
| NMBAs | 3.6 (- 9.3–16.6) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| PNB | 15.5 (3.3–27.6) | 12.7 (0.4–25.1) | 10.0 (- 2.5–22.5) | 7.7 (- 5.0–20.4) |
| PCEA | 7.3 (- 5.5–20.0) | 5.9 (- 6.9–18.7) | 4.1 (- 8.9–17.0) | 4.6 (- 8.4–17.5) |
| Epidural | 68.2 (60.8–75.7) | 59.1 (50.7–67.6) | 45.9 (36.2–55.6) | 42.3 (32.2–52.3) |
GHBA, γ-hydroxybutyric acid; NMBAs, neuromuscular blocking agents; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PCA, patient-controlled analgesia; PCEA, patient-controlled epidural analgesia; PNB, peripheral nerve block.