Table 2.

Summary of representative cell membrane-coated nanoparticles in GBM treatment.

Source of cell membrane	Ligand	Targeted site	Average Size	Therapeutic agents	Cell line	Ref.
RBC	M2pep and HA2 peptide	M2-microglial cells	about 131 nm	miR155	GL261	[51]
macrophage	Angiopep-2 peptide	LRP1	115.25 nm	saALOX15	LN229	[62]
macrophage	–	–	72.07 ± 2.62 nm	anti-NF-κB peptides	GSCs	[63]
macrophage	ApoE	LRP-1; LRP-2; LDLR	about 140 nm	JQ1; Ce6	GL261	[64]
microglia	–	–	184.1 ± 1.01 nm	aPd-1; Mn-Porphyrin	GL261	[65]
bEnd.3	–	–	111.21 ± 4.76 nm	DOX	U87 MG	[66]
‵CAR T cell	4-1BB; CD3ζ intracellular	EGFR; CD133	about 107 nm	AIE-gens	U87 MG	[67]
U87 MG cell spheroids	cRGD	integrin αVβ4	149 ± 25 nm	ZnxCd1−xS	U87 MG	[68]
U87 MG	–	–	about 250 nm	Gboxin; ZnGa2O4:Cr3+,Sn4+	U87 MG	[69]
U251	ApoE peptide	LDLR	about 188 nm	TMZ; lomeguatrib	U251	[70]
C6	DWSW peptide	–	about 169 nm	PTX	C6	[71]
C6	–	–	about 120 nm	pDNA	C6	[72]
GBM PDT cell	–	–	70–79 nm	AuNRs	GBM PDT cell	[73]
B16F10; 4T1	–	–	about 140 nm	indocyanine green	U87 MG	[74]
B16F10	–	–	about 106 nm	CS2; Bcl-2 siRNA	U87 MG	[75]
HEK293T	Angiopep-2 peptide	LRP1	about 220 nm	DOX	U87 MG	[76]
GL261	CD6	ALCAM	64 ± 3.5 nm	paroxetine; JQ1	GL261	[77]
MCF-7; U87 MG	–	–	88.89 nm	gambogic acid; indocyanine green	U87 MG	[78]
GL261	–	–	38.2 ± 6.8 nm	InDoximod; JQ-1	GL261	[79]
U251	–	–	118.7 nm	hemoglobin; lactate oxidase; CPPO-Ce6	U251; GL261	[80]
C6; DC	–	–	about 144 nm	docetaxel	C6	[81]
U87 MG; mitochondria	–	–	89.1 nm	Gboxin	U87 MG; X01	[52]
U251; RAW264.7; RBC	folic acid	FR	about 150 nm	lomitapide	U251	[82]

Abbreviations: GBM cell: U87MG, U251, C6, GL261; bEnd.3: brain microvascular endothelial cells; ALCAM: activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule; B16F10: metastatic melanoma cell; GSCs: Glioma stem cells; DC: dendritic cells; AuNRs: cloak gold nanorods; FR: folate receptors; PDT: patient-derived tumor.