Table 3.

Summary of representative extracellular vesicles in GBM treatment.

	Source of EVs	Ligand	Target	Average size	Therapeutic agents	Cell Line	Ref.
MEVs	M1 macrophage	–	–	about 100 nm	AQ4N; CPPO; Ce6	U87 MG; G422	[107]
	HEK293T	Angiopep-2 peptide and TAT peptide	LRP1	125 ± 40 nm	Cas9/sgRNA	LN229	[19]
	ReN	c(RGDyK))	integrin αVβ3	100–250 nm	siPDL1	GL261	[130]
	ESCs	c(RGDyK))	integrin αVβ4	about 75 nm	PTX	U87 MG	[100]
	HEK293T	Angiopep-2 peptide and TAT peptide	LRP1	120 ± 20 nm	Dox	U87 MG	[104]
	BMSCs	HSSP peptide	HMOX1	70 nm	TMZ; siRNA	U251	[103]
	HEK293T	anti-CD71; anti-PD-L1	CD71; PD-L1	about 120 nm	IFN-γ mRNA and anti-PDL1	GL261	[96]
	BEnd.3	transferrin	TfR1	122.6 ± 7.2 nm	TPP-Ce6	U87 MG	[85]
	BV2	redox-response oligopeptide	–	about 100 nm	DOX	U87 MG	[131]
	chimeric exosomes	–	–	40–160 nm	cGAMP	GL261	[132]
	BMSCs	GRE peptide	NRP-1	about 80 nm	nanocatalysts	C6	[133]
	serum	TfR (Bind with free Tf in the blood)	TfR	111.6 ± 12.1 nm	transcription 3; CpG peptide	GL261	[134]
	HEK293T	Angipep-2 peptide	LRP1	about 200 nm	DOX	U87 MG	[76]
BEVs	Escherichia coli	neutrophils-mediated	inflammatory	about 105 nm	PTX and Fe3O4	G422	[117]
	Escherichia coli	–	–	42 nm	AuNPs	G261	[114]
	Salmonella	neutrophils-mediated	TIM	94 nm	DOX	C6	[119]
	Escherichia coli K1	OmpA	gp-96	119.3 nm	DOX	231Br	[115]
	Escherichia coli K1	OmpA	gp-97	188.6 ± 12.5 nm	Glucose oxidase; Cu9S8; AQ4N	GL261	[116]
PEVs	grapefruit	folic acid	FRs	186.8 nm	JSI-124; PTX	GL26	[126]
	grapefruit	folic acid	FRs	87.2 nm	miR17	GL27	[127]
	grapefruit	cRGD	integrin αVβ3	166 ± 4 nm	DOX	LN229	[128]
	lemon	cRGD	integrin αVβ4	0.5 μm or 2.5 um	DOX	GL261	[20]
	citrus fruit	Angiopep-2 peptide	LRP1	195.03 ± 6.77 nm	DOX; Vitamin C; Vitamin E; hesperidin;	GL261	[135]

Abbreviations: CPPO: hydrophobicbis (2,4,5-trichloro-6-carbopentoxyphenyl) oxalate; Ce6: chlorin e6; siPDL1: siRNA against PD-L1; ESCs: embryonic stem cells; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; BMSC: bone marrow MSC; PTX: paclitaxel; HMOX1: heme oxygenase-1; HSSP: HMOX1 specific short peptide; TPP: triphenylphosphonium; BV2: mouse microglial cell; cGAMP: 2′3′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate; TIM: tumor immune microenvironment; OmpA: Outer membrane protein A; FRs: folate receptors.