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. 2025 Jan 25;4:9. doi: 10.1038/s44172-025-00344-2

Table 1.

Performance of the CCDs in comparison with recently reported results

# Performance Electrolyte and temperature Electrodes and diaphragm Reference
1

1.78 V @ 0.5 A cm−2

1.98 V @ 1.0 A cm−2

 30 wt% KOH at 90 oC Raney Ni-Mo sprayed perforated Ni sheet anode/cathode and Dapozol membrane 9
2

1.7–1.73 V @ 0.5 A cm-2

1.83–1.90 V @ 1.0 A cm-2

 30 wt% KOH at 80 oC Raney Ni foam cathode, Ni-Fe-LDH decorated Fe foam anode, and Al2O3:ZrO2/PSU composite diaphragm 41
3 1.8 V @ 0.5 A cm-2 28 wt% KOH at 80 oC Ni–Mo-coated expanded Nickel grids cathode, NiCo2O4-coated expanded Nickel grids anode, and PSU/PVP/TiO2 composite diaphragm 17
4

1.65 V @ 0.5 A cm−2

1.78 V @ 1.0 A cm-2

 30 wt% KOH at 80 oC Raney Ni foam cathode, Ni-Fe-LDH decorated Fe foam anode, and cellulose nanocrystals blended ZrO2/PSU diaphragm 42
5

1.74 V @ 0.5 A cm-2

1.98 V @ 1.0 A cm-2

 30 wt% KOH at 80 oC Raney Ni foam cathode, Ni-Fe-LDH decorated Fe foam anode, and Zirfon diaphragm 42
6 1.83 V @ 0.3 A cm-2 6 M KOH at 75 oC Raney Ni plate cathode, stainless steel 316 L plate anode, and Zirfon 500 diaphragm 43
7

1.68 V @ 0.5 A cm-2

1.80 V @ 1.0 A cm-2

 30 wt% KOH at 80 oC Raney Ni foam cathode, Ni-Fe-LDH decorated Ni foam anode, and ZrO2/PSU composite 300 μm diaphragm 13
8

1.78 V @ 0.5 A cm-2

1.98 V @ 1.0 A cm-2

 30 wt% KOH at 80 oC Raney Ni foam cathode, Ni-Fe-LDH decorated Ni foam anode, and Zirfon diaphragm 13
9

1.86 V @ 0.5 A cm−2

2.1 V @ 1.0 A cm−2

 30 wt% KOH at 80 oC Raney Ni mesh cathode, CoMnO@CoFe-LDH decorated Ni foam anode, and Zirfon 500 diaphragm 44
10 1.95 V @ 1.0 A cm-2 30 wt% KOH at 80 oC Raney Ni mesh cathode, CoMnO@CoFe-LDH decorated Ni foam anode, and diethanolamine functionalized ZrO2/PSU diaphragm 44
11

1.85 V @ 0.5 A cm-2

2.1 V @ 1.0 A cm-2

 32.5 wt% KOH at 80 oC Raney Ni coated Zirfon diaphragm with per-oxidized Ni foam anode 25
12

1.72 V @ 0.5 A cm-2

1.83 V @ 1.0 A cm-2

 30 wt% KOH at 80 oC Raney Ni coated Zirfon 220 diaphragm This work
13

1.64 V @ 0.5 A cm−2

1.8 V @ 1.0 A cm-2

 30 wt% KOH at 80 oC Pt/C and Ni-Fe LDH coated Zirfon 220 diaphragm This work

All voltages are non-iR corrected to demonstrate practical electrolysis performance.