Table 6.
In vitro studies of bioactive compounds isolated from marine soft corals between 2019 and2023
| Compound name | Class of compound | Marine source | Type of cancer | Pharmacological effects | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flaccidenol A (62) | Cembrane-derived diterpenoid | Klyxum flaccidum | Human lung, colorectal carcinoma, and mouse lymphocytic leukemia |
Model: A549, DLD-1, P388D1 Assay: MTT IC50: 9.7 ± 1.2 μg/mL to A549, 6.0 ± 0.4 μg/mL to DLD-1, 7.2 ± 1.8 μg/mL to P388D1 PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [60] |
| 7-epi-Pavidolide D (63) | Cembrane-derived diterpenoid | Klyxum flaccidum | Human lung, colorectal carcinoma, and mouse lymphocytic leukemia |
Model: A549, DLD-1, P388D1 Assay: MTT IC50: 28.6 ± 3.8 μg/mL to A549, 31.6 ± 3.7 μg/mL to DLD-1, 30.4 ± 4.8 μg/mL to P388D1 PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [60] |
| Flaccidodioxide (64) | Cembrane-derived diterpenoid | Klyxum flaccidum | Human lung, colorectal carcinoma, and mouse lymphocytic leukemia |
Model: A549, DLD-1, P388D1 Assay: MTT IC50: 19.6 ± 8.3 μg/mL to P388D1 PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [60] |
| Flaccidodiol (65)/ | Cembrane-derived diterpenoid | Klyxum flaccidum | Human lung, colorectal carcinoma, and mouse lymphocytic leukemia |
Model: A549, DLD-1, P388D1 Assay: MTT IC50: not reported PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [60] |
| Sarcoehrenbergilide D (66) | Cembrene diterpenoid | Sarcophyton ehrenbergi | Human lung carcinoma, colon and hepatic cancer |
Model: A549, Caco-2, HepG2 Assay: MTT IC50: 23.3 mM to A549 PC: not reported |
Not reported | [61] |
| Sarcoehrenbergilide E (67) | Cembrene diterpenoid | Sarcophyton ehrenbergi | Human lung carcinoma, colon and hepatic cancer |
Model: A549, Caco-2, HepG2 Assay: MTT IC25: 27.3 mM to A549 22.6 mM to HepG2 PC: not reported |
Not reported | [61] |
| Sarcoehrenbergilide F (68) | Cembrene diterpenoid | Sarcophyton ehrenbergi | Human lung carcinoma, colon and hepatic cancer |
Model: A549, Caco-2, HepG2 Assay: MTT IC25: 25.4 mM to A549 31.8 mM to HepG2 PC: not reported |
Not reported | [61] |
| Sardigitolide A (69) | Biscembranoid | Sarcophyton digitatum | Breast cancer, breast adenocarcinoma, hepatic and cervical cancer |
Model: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and HeLa Assay: MTT IC50: not reported PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [62] |
| Sardigitolide B (70) | Biscembranoid | Sarcophyton digitatum | Breast cancer, breast adenocarcinoma, hepatic and cervical cancer |
Model: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and HeLa Assay: MTT IC50: 9.6 ± 3.0 µg/mL to MCF-7 14.8 ± 4.0 µg/mL to MDA-MB-231 PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [62] |
| Sardigitolide C (71) | Biscembranoid | Sarcophyton digitatum | Breast cancer, breast adenocarcinoma, hepatic and cervical cancer |
Model: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and HeLa Assay: MTT IC50: not reported PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [62] |
| Sardigitolide D (72) | Biscembranoid | Sarcophyton digitatum | Breast cancer, breast adenocarcinoma, hepatic and cervical cancer |
Model: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and HeLa Assay: MTT IC50: not reported PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [62] |
| Xeniolide L (73) | Xeniolide diterpene | Xenia umbellate | Human liver, prostate and colon cancer |
Model: HepG2, PC‑3, and HT‑29 Assay: SRB IC50: 36.8 ± 1.1 to HepG2 24.9 ± 1.3 to PC-3 13.9 ± 2.5 μg/mL to HT-29 PC: Doxorubicin |
Induction of apoptosis | [63] |
| Xeniolide M (74)/ | Xeniolide diterpene | Xenia umbellate | Human liver, prostate and colon cancer |
Model: HepG2, PC‑3, and HT‑29 Assay: SRB IC50: 14.7 ± 0.4 to HepG2, 10.9 ± 0.5 to PC‑3, 4.7 ± 0.5 μg/mL to HT-29 PC: Doxorubicin |
Induction of apoptosis | [63] |
| Linardosinene A (75) | Nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoid | Litophyton nigrum | Human lung epithelial, hepatocellular, colon, pancreatic cancer, and lung cancer |
Model: THP-1, SNU-398, HT-29, Capan-1 and A549 Assay: MTT IC50: not reported PC: Vincristine |
Not reported | [64] |
| Linardosinene B (76) | Nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoid | Litophyton nigrum | Human lung epithelial, hepatocellular, colon, pancreatic cancer, and lung cancer |
Model: THP-1, SNU-398, HT-29, Capan-1 and A549 Assay: MTT IC50: 59.5 μM to THP-1 PC: Vincristine |
Not reported | [64] |
| Linardosinene C (77) | Nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoid | Litophyton nigrum | Human lung epithelial, hepatocellular, colon, pancreatic cancer, and lung cancer |
Model: THP-1, SNU-398, HT-29, Capan-1 and A549 Assay: MTT IC50: 24.3 μM to SNU-398 44.7 μM to HT-29 > 50 to Capan-1 and A549 PC: Vincristine |
Not reported | [64] |
| Lineolemnene A (78) | Neolemnane-type sesquiterpenoid | Litophyton nigrum | Human lung epithelial, hepatocellular, colon, pancreatic cancer, and lung cancer |
Model: THP-1, SNU-398, HT-29, Capan-1 and A549 Assay: MTT IC50: 44.4 μM to SNU-398 > 50 to Capan-1, A549 and HT-29 PC: Vincristine |
Not reported | [64] |
| Lineolemnene B (79) | Neolemnane-type sesquiterpenoid | Litophyton nigrum | Human lung epithelial, hepatocellular, colon, pancreatic cancer, and lung cancer |
Model: THP-1, SNU-398, HT-29, Capan-1 and A549 Assay: MTT IC50: 27.6 μM to SNU-398 > 50 to Capan-1, A549 and HT-29 PC: Vincristine |
Not reported | [64] |
| Lineolemnene C (80) | Neolemnane-type sesquiterpenoid | Litophyton nigrum | Human lung epithelial, hepatocellular, colon, pancreatic cancer, and lung cancer |
Model: THP-1, SNU-398, HT-29, Capan-1 and A549 Assay: MTT IC50: not reported PC: Vincristine |
Not reported | [64] |
| Lineolemnene D (81) | Neolemnane-type sesquiterpenoid | Litophyton nigrum | Human lung epithelial, hepatocellular, colon, pancreatic cancer, and lung cancer |
Model: THP-1, SNU-398, HT-29, Capan-1 and A549 Assay: MTT IC50: not reported PC: Vincristine |
Not reported | [64] |
| Sarcotenusene A (82) | Cembranoid diterpenoid | Sarcophyton tenuispiculatum | Breast cancer, human breast adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and cervical cancer |
Model: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and HeLa Assay: MTT IC50: 34.3 ± 3.7 µm to MCF-7 PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [65] |
| Sarcotenusene B (83) | Cembranoid diterpenoid | Sarcophyton tenuispiculatum | Breast cancer, human breast adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and cervical cancer |
Model: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and HeLa Assay: MTT IC50: not reported PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [65] |
| Sarcotenusene C (84) | Cembranoid diterpenoid | Sarcophyton tenuispiculatum | Breast cancer, human breast adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and cervical cancer |
Model: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and HeLa Assay: MTT IC50: not reported PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [65] |
| Asterolaurin O (85) | Xenicane diterpenoid | Asterospicularia laurae | Oral, breast, and ovarian cancer |
Model: MCF-7, Ca9-22, SK-OV-3 Assay: MTS IC50: 14.7 ± 0.2 µM to MCF-7 > 100 µM to other cells PC: Cisplatin |
Not reported | [66] |
| Asterolaurin P (86) | Xenicane diterpenoid | Asterospicularia laurae | Oral, breast, and ovarian cancer |
Model: MCF-7, Ca9-22, SK-OV-3 Assay: MTS IC50: 25.1 ± 4.1 µM for to MCF-7 > 100 µM to other cells PC: Cisplatin |
Not reported | [66] |
| Asterolaurin Q (87) | Xenicane diterpenoid | Asterospicularia laurae | Oral, breast, and ovarian cancer |
Model: MCF-7, Ca9-22, SK-OV-3 Assay: MTS IC50: > 100 µM PC: Cisplatin |
Not reported | [66] |
| Asterolaurins R (88) | Xenicane diterpenoid | Asterospicularia laurae | Oral, breast, and ovarian cancer |
Model: MCF-7, Ca9-22, SK-OV-3 Assay: MTS IC50: > 100 µM PC: Cisplatin |
Not reported | [66] |
| Sarcacutumolid A (89) | Cembranolide | Sarcophyton acutum | Hepatocellular, cervical cancer, breast adenocarcinoma and colorectal cancer |
Model: HepG2, HeLa, MCF-7 and Colo-205 Assay: SRB IC50: 35.5 µM PC: doxorubicin HCl (Dox) |
Not reported | [67] |
| Cinerenolide A (90) | Cembranolide | Sarcophyton cinereum | Human colorectal adenocarcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, human skin fibroblast and Mouse lymphoma |
Model: P388, DLD-1, HuCCT-1, CCD966SK Assay: Alamar Blue (resazurin) IC50: not reported PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [71] |
| Cinerenolide B (91) | Cembranolide | Sarcophyton cinereum | Human colorectal adenocarcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, human skin fibroblast and Mouse lymphoma |
Model: P388, DLD-1, HuCCT-1, CCD966SK Assay: Alamar Blue (resazurin) IC50: > 30 µM PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [71] |
| Cinerenolide C (92) | Cembranolide | Sarcophyton cinereum | Human colorectal adenocarcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, human skin fibroblast and Mouse lymphoma |
Model: P388, DLD-1, HuCCT-1, CCD966SK Assay: Alamar Blue (resazurin) IC50: > 30 µM PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [71] |
| Tuaimenal B (93) | Merosesquiterpene | Duva florida | Cervical cancer |
Model: CaSki and C33A Assay: ELISA IC50: 25 μM to CaSki 14 μM to C33A PC: Etoposide |
Not reported | [68] |
| Tuaimenal C (94) | Merosesquiterpene | Duva florida | Cervical cancer |
Model: CaSki and C33A Assay: ELISA IC50: not reported PC: Etoposide |
Not reported | [68] |
| Tuaimenal D (95) | Merosesquiterpene | Duva florida | Cervical cancer |
Model: CaSki and C33A Assay: ELISA IC50: not reported PC: etoposide |
Not reported | [68] |
| Tuaimenal E (96) | Merosesquiterpene | Duva florida | Cervical cancer |
Model: CaSki and C33A Assay: ELISA IC50: not reported PC: etoposide |
Not reported | [68] |
| Tuaimenal F (97) | Merosesquiterpene | Duva florida | Cervical cancer |
Model: CaSki and C33A Assay: ELISA IC50: 41 μM to CaSki 38 μM to C33A PC: etoposide |
Not reported | [68] |
| Tuaimenal G (98) | Merosesquiterpene | Duva florida | Cervical cancer |
Model: CaSki and C33A Assay: ELISA IC50: 20 μM to CaSki 0.04 μM to C33A PC: etoposide |
Not reported | [68] |
| Tuaimenal H (99) | Merosesquiterpene | Duva florida | Cervical cancer |
Model: CaSki and C33A Assay: ELISA IC50: 23 μM to CaSki 14 μM to C33A PC: etoposide |
Not reported | [68] |
| Dendronestadione (100) | Ketosteroids | Dendronephthya sp. | Human hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma and prostate carcinoma |
Model: HepG2, HT-29, PC Assay: MTT IC50: 19.1 ± 1.8 μM to HepG2, 32.4 ± 2.8 μM to HT-29, 7.8 ± 0.8 μM to PC-3 PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [69] |
| Lobocatalen A (101) | Lobane diterpenoid | Lobophytum catalai | Human leukemia, pancreatic cancer |
Model: K562, ASPC-1, MDA-MB-231 Assay: MTT and SRB IC50: > 30 µM PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [70] |
| Lobocatalen B (102) | Lobane diterpenoid | L. catalai | Human leukemia, pancreatic cancer |
Model: K562, ASPC-1, MDA-MB-231 Assay: MTT and SRB IC50: > 30 µM PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [70] |
| Lobocatalen C (103) | Lobane diterpenoid | L. catalai | Human leukemia, pancreatic cancer |
Model: K562, ASPC-1, MDA-MB-231 Assay: MTT and SRB IC50: > 30 µM PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [70] |
| Lobocatalen D (104) | Lobane diterpenoid | L. catalai | Human leukemia, pancreatic cancer |
Model: K562, ASPC-1, MDA-MB-231 Assay: MTT and SRB IC50: > 30 µM PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [70] |
| Lobocatalen E (105) | Lobane diterpenoid | L. catalai | Human leukemia, pancreatic cancer |
Model: K562, ASPC-1, MDA-MB-231 Assay: MTT and SRB IC50: > 30 µM PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [70] |
| Lobocatalen F (106) | Lobane diterpenoid | L. catalai | Human leukemia, pancreatic cancer |
Model: K562, ASPC-1, MDA-MB-231 Assay: MTT and SRB IC50: > 30 µM PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [70] |
| Lobocatalen G (107) | Lobane diterpenoid | L. catalai | Human leukemia, pancreatic cancer |
Model: K562, ASPC-1, MDA-MB-231 Assay: MTT and SRB IC50: 27.9 µM to K562 > 30 µM to other cells PC: doxorubicin |
Not reported | [70] |