Table 8.

Updated list of bioactive compounds derived from marine sources in clinical trials from 2019 to now

Compound Name/	Class of compound	Marine source	Type of cancer	Clinical status/Phase/Study type/	Dose/Route of administration	Mechanism	References
Lurbinectedin (113)	Alkaloid	Tunicate	Pancreas cancer	Drug/phase 2/Interventional	3.2 mg/m2 (Day 1 of each cycle (one cycle = 3 weeks ± 48 h))/Intravenously	Not reported	https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05229588
			Breast cancer		1 mg/vial and 4 mg/vial (Day 1 every three weeks)/Intravenous	The mechanism involves the selective destruction of elongating RNA polymerase II by the ubiquitin/proteasome machinery after its halting on the DNA template	https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01525589; [83]
Polatuzumab vedotin (114)	Antibody–drug conjugates (anti-CD79b Ab conjugated to MMAE)	Mollusk/Cyanobacterium	Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma	Drug/Phase 1 and 2/Interventional	1.8 mg/kg day 2 of cycle 1 and day 1 of successive cycles (each cycle 21 day)/intravenously	Targeting the human B-cell surface antigen CD79b as well as monomethyl auristatin E, which which by binding to tubulin and severing the microtubule network, induces apoptosis while preventing cell division	https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04491370; [86]
Enfortumab Vedotin (115)	Antibody–drug conjugate (targets Nectin-4 conjugated to MMAE	Mollusk/cyanobacterium	Urothelial Cancer	Drug/Phase 2/Interventional	1.2 mg/kg on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle/intravenously	It has the ability to bind to Nectin-4 expressing cells with high affinity, causing internalization and release of MMAE in target cells, enabling cell-cycle arrest and apoptotic death of Nectin-4 expressing cells	https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03219333; [87]
			Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer		1.2 mg/kg up to 125 mg (on days 1, 8, and 15 as part of a 28-day cycle)/Not reported	Not reported	https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04754191
Belantamab mafodotin (116)	Antibody drug conjugate (targeting B-cell maturation antigen conjugated to MMAF	Mollusk/cyanobacterium	Multiple Myeloma	Drug/Phase 2/Interventional	2.5 or 3.4 mg/kg/intravenously	It destroys multiple myeloma cells through triggering apoptosis, boosting antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, and generating immunogenic cell death,	https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03525678; [88]
Plocabulin (PM060184) (117)	Polyketide	Lithoplocamia lithistoides (Sponge)	Advanced Colorectal Cancer	Drug/Phase 2/Interventional	9.3 mg/m2 on Day 1 and Day 8 q3wk/intravenously	Not reported	https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03427268