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. 2025 Jan 24;25:303. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-21476-2

Table 3.

Socio- economic and demographic characteristics of respondents

Characteristics Rural Peri-urban p-value
n % n %
Number of income earners in the household 0.212
 None 0 0.0 1 0.9
 1–2 109 98.2 103 93.6
 3–5 1 0.9 5 4.5
 Above 5 1 0.9 1 0.9
Average household monthly income 0.195
 Below 50,000 21 18.9 10 9.1
 50,000–150,000 35 31.5 41 37.3
 160,000–200,000 16 14.4 15 13.3
 Above 200,00 39 35.1 44 40.0
Average household monthly expenditure 0.561
 Below 20,000 9 8.1 4 3.6
 20,000–50,000 19 17.1 20 18.2
 60,000–100,000 36 32.4 32 29.1
 110,000–200,000 27 24.3 28 25.5
 Above 200,000 20 18.0 26 23.6
Average household monthly expenditure on food 0.535
 Below 20,000 16 14.4 11 10.0
 20,000–50,000 36 32.4 31 28.2
 60,000–100,000 29 26.1 38 34.5
 110,000–200,000 20 18.0 17 15.5
 Above 200,000 10 9.0 13 11.8
Means of obtaining food 0.005
 Own production 57 51.4 36 32.7
 Purchase 52 46.8 74 67.3
 Gifts/donation 2 1.8
Household access to credit 0.940
 Yes 50 45.0 49 44.5
 No 61 55.0 61 55.5
Household agricultural land ownership 0.001
 Allocated 11 9.9 8 7.5
 Inherited 45 40.5 21 19.8
 Borrowed 3 2.7 1 0.9
 Rented 17 15.3 37 34.9
 Bought 35 31.5 39 36.8
Mean (Standard Deviation) Mean (Standard Deviation)
Age of the household head 42.5 (12.04) 44.9 (11.27) 0.444
Years spent in school by household head 8.7 (4.37) 7.2 (3.97) 0.041
Years spent in school by spouse 7.5 (4.25) 6.4 (3.57) 0.086

n: number of households; n = 111 (Rural), n = 110 (Peri-urban)

P-value significant at ≤ 0.05 level