Table 4.

Compounding with electrostatic spinning

Photocatalyst	Spinning conditions	Solvents	Carrier polymers	Photocatalytic testing	Test conditions	Activity results	Reference
ZnIn₂Se₄/TiO₂	Voltage +15, −5 kV Distance 20 cm	CH3COOH, C2H5OH	PVP	Hydrogen production	–	0.11 mmol g−1·h−1	–
CS/g-C3N4/TiO2	Voltage 15 kV Pushing speed 5 mL h−1	CH3COOH	PEO	Redox Cr(VI)	800-W Xe light Cr(VI) solution 100 mg/L	90% within 4 h	Li et al.66
g-C3N4/Nb2O5	Voltage 18 kV Distance 20 cm	DMF	PVP	Degrading RhB	–	98.1% within 120 min	Wang et al.67
AgCl/ZnO	Voltage 10 kV Distance 15 cm	C2H5OH, DI	PVP	Degrading MB	300-W Xe lamp	99.70% within 35 min	Yang et al.68
g-C3N4/PAN/PANI@LaFeO3	Voltage 18 kV Distance 15 cm	DMF	PAN	Degrading MB	500-W Xe lamp MB solution at 20 mg/L	97% within 75 min	Mao et al.69
m-Hal@Ag3PO4/PAN	Voltage +18, −2 kV Distance 15 cm	DMF	PAN	Degrading ciprofloxacin	500-W Xe light Ciprofloxacin solution at 15 mg/L	99.98% within 200 min	Ma et al.71
SnO2@PW12@TiO2	–	CH3COOH, C2H5OH, DMF	PVP	Degrading TC	300-W Xe light TC solution at 20 mg/L	73.8% within 30 min	Jiang et al.70
NaYF4/Yb/Tm/TiO2	–	C2H5OH, CH3COOH	PVP	Degrading RhB	RhB solution at 0.01 mmol/L	99.12% within 2 h	Guo et al.72
TiO2/WO3	Voltage 15 kV Distance 8 cm Pushing speed 1 mL h−1	CH3COOH, C2H5OH	PVP	Degrading MO	UV and visible light MO solution was 4 × 10−5 M	21.6% within 240 min	Odhiambo et al.73
Fe2O3/TiO2	Voltage 15 kV Distance 15 cm	CH3COOH, C2H5OH	PVP	Degrading RhB	RhB solution 5 mg/L	99% within 90 min	Liu et al.74
CoFe2O4/BiOI	Voltage 12 kV Pushing speed 5 μL min−1	DMF, C2H5OH	PVP	Degrading RhB	150- to 300-W Xe light RhB solution 10 mg/L	97.2% within 90 min	Chang et al.75
PAN/Bi2MoO6/Ti3C2	Voltage 20 kV Pushing speed 0.01 mm/s	DMF	PAN	Degrading tetracycline	300-W Xe light TC solution 15 mg/L	90.3% within 4 h	Zhang et al.76
TiO2/WO3/C/N	Voltage 20 kV Pushing speed 1 mL h−1	CH3COOH, C2H5OH	PVP	Degrading MB	MB solution 12.6 mg/L	39.4% within 4 h	Odhiambo et al.77
Au/CeO2	Voltage 20 kV Pushing speed 0.5 mL h−1	DMF	PVP	Degrading PhCHO	UV light	83.3% within 5 h	Li et al.78
g-C3N4/K0.5Na0.5NbO3	Voltage 18 kV	C2H5OH	PVP	Hydrogen production	300-W Xe light	96.3 μmol g−1·h−1	Zhang et al.79
CuBi2O4/Bi2O3	Voltage 18 kV Distance 12 cm	DMF	PVP	Degrading MO	–	99.2% within 130 min	Yang et al.80
ZnIn2S4/Ag2MoO4	Voltage 15 kV Distance 15 cm	DMF, C2H5OH, CH3COOH	–	Degrading ENR	300-W Xe light ENR solution at 20 mg/L	100% within 120 min	Li et al.81
ZnFe2O4/Ag/AgBr	Voltage 17–19 kV	DMF	PVP	Degrading RhB	RhB solution at 100 mg/L	86.3% within 100 min	Sabzehmeidani et al.82
SiO2/Ga2O3	Voltage 15 kV Distance 20 cm	DMF	PAN	Degrading RhB	RhB solution 10 mg/L	98% within 30 min	Du et al.83
BN/Ce2O3/TiO2	Voltage 1.25 kV/cm Pushing speed 1 mL h−1	C2H5OH	PVP	Hydrogen production	500-W halogen lamp	850 μmol g−1·h−1	Ghorbanloo et al.84
W2N/C/TiO-n	Voltage 13 kV Distance 20 cm	DMF	PAN	Hydrogen production	300-W Xe light	3.11 μmol g−1·h−1	Gong et al.85
ZnO-In2S3	Voltage 14 kV Distance 14 cm	DI	PVA	Hydrogen production	5-W blue LED	539.5 μmol g−1·h−1·L−1	Chang et al.86
ZnO/Ti3C2	Voltage 14 kV Distance 14 cm	DMF	PVDF	Degrading CR	50-W LED light CR solution concentration 20 μM	96% within 210 min	Sahu and Dhar Purkayastha87
Ni(DMG)2/TiO2	Voltage 10 kV Distance 15 cm	DMF	PAN, PVP	Degrading MB	MB solution at 10 mg/L	97% within 60 min	Lv et al.88
InVO4/CeVO4	Voltage 20 kV Distance 20 cm	C2H5OH	PVP	Degrading TC	800-W Xe light TC solution at 20 mg/L	100% within 90 min	Ding et al.89
WO2.72/Fe3O4	Voltage 15 kV Distance 15 cm	C2H5OH	PVA	Redox Cr(VI)	500-W Xe light	100% within 3 h	Motora et al.90
WO3/CdWO4	Voltage 20 kV Distance 15 cm	DMF, C2H5OH	PVP	Degrading TC	500-W Xe light TC solution at 10 mg/L	81.6% within 90 min	Rong et al.91
PVDF/CdS/TiO2	Voltage 9.32 kV Distance 15 cm	DMF, CH3COCH3	PVDF	Redox Cr(VI)	350-W Xe light	96.6% within 40 min	Li et al.92
RGO/TiO2/PANCMA	Voltage 14 kV Distance 30 cm	DMF	PANCMA	Degrading MG	MG solution at 100 ng/L	90.6% within 62 min	Du et al.93
RbxWO3@Fe3O4	Voltage 15 kV Distance 15 cm	MC, DMF	PET	Redox Cr(VI)	Cr(VI) solution at 50 mg/L	100% within 90 min	Naseem et al.94
TiO2(A-R)/ZnTiO3	Voltage 18 kV Distance 18 cm	DMF	PVP	Hydrogen production	–	887.7 μmol g−1·h−1	Yerli Soylu et al.95
ZnO/ZnFe2O4/Pt	Voltage 17 kV Pushing speed 0.5 mL h−1	DMF	PVP	Degrading CIP	300-W Xe light CIP solution at 10 mg/L	92% within 2 h	Sobahi et al.96
TiO2-SiO2-Al2O3-ZrO2-CaO-CeO2	Voltage 20 kV Distance 13 cm	DMF	PAN	Degrading MB	MB solution at 20 mg/L	90.7% within 120 min	Yerli Soylu et al.95
BiOI/SiO2	Voltage 9 kV Pushing speed 10 μL/min	DI	PVA	Degrading RhB	RhB solution 10 mg/L	68% within 3 h	Liu et al.97
CeO2/CuS	Voltage 18–19 kV Pushing speed 0.05 mL/min	DMF, C2H5OH	PVP	Degrading MB	Striped blue LEDs MB solution 3 mg/L	96.38% within 50 min	Sabzehmeidani et al.98
ZnO/Ag	Voltage 28 kV Pushing speed 1.5 mL/h	DMF	PVP	Degrading MO	100-W UV lamp MB solution 10 mg/L	92% within 15 min	Li et al.99
SrTiO3/TiO2	Voltage 15 kV Distance 15 cm	DMF and CH3COOH	PVP	Degrading MO	25-W UV-C mercury lamp MO solution at 15 mg/L	93% within 40 min	Zhao et al.100
ZnO/γ-Bi2MoO6	Voltage 20 kV Needle diameter 0.8 mm	DI and C2H5OH	PVP	Degrading MB	500-W Xe lamp	95.6% within 4 h	Wang et al.101
TiO2@Ag@Cu2O	Voltage 18 kV Needle Pushing speed 1.5 mL/h	DMF	PAN	Degrading MB	600-W Xe lamp MB solution at 10 mg/L	99% within 2.5 h	Li et al.102
Bi2MoO6/S-C3N4/PAN	Voltage 15 kV Pushing speed 0.5 mm/h	C2H6O2, C2H5OH	PAN	Degrading 4-NP	An LED lamp (10-W, λ ≥ 400 nm)	83% within 3 h	Chen et al.103
g-C3N4/AuNPs/PVDF	Voltage 20 kV Push speed 1.5 mL/h.	DI	PVDF	Degrading MB	Two COB LEDs	98% within 3 h	Saha et al.104
g-C3N4/BiOI	Voltage 10 kV Distance 16 cm	DMF	PAN	Degrading RhB	Visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm)	98% within 90 min	Zhou et al.105
GO/MIL-101(Fe)/PANCMA	Voltage 11 kV Distance 30 cm	DMF	PAN	Degrading RhB	16-W UV lamp	93.7% within 20 min	Huang et al.106
BaTiO3-TiO2	Voltage 18kV Distance 15 cm	C2H5OH, CH3COOH	PVP	Degrading RhB	300-W high pressure mercury lamp	99.8% within 1 h	Liu et al.107
Co3O4@CeO2	Voltage 20 ± 0.5 kV	C2H5OH, CH3COOH, DMF	PAN	Degrading levofloxacin	Levofloxacin concentration at 20 ppm	93.8% within 14 min	Wang et al.108
CuS QDs/BiVO4@Y2O2S	Voltage 21 kV Distance 18 cm	DMF	PVP	Degrading RhB	300-W Xe lamp RhB solution at 10 mg/L	87.4% within 2 h	Guo et al.109
MoS2/PANI/PAN@BiFeO3	Voltage 17 kV Distance 15 cm	DMF	PAN, PANI	Degrading MO	MO solution 15 mg/L	99.9% within 60 min	Lin et al.110
Tm@ND@TiO2/mSC	–	DMF	PAN/PEG	Degrading MO	MO solution 40 mg/L	94% within 60 min	Su et al.111
CoMn2O4/HACNFs	Voltage 13 kV Distance 8 cm	DMF	PMMA, PAN	Degrading RhB	RhB concentration at 50 μM	84.8% within 200 min	Kang et al.112

COB, chip-on-board; MO, methyl orange; ENR, enrofloxacin; PEO, polyethylene oxide; MC, methylene chloride; CIP, ciprofloxacin; PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PMMA, polymethyl methacrylate; PANCMA, poly(acrylonitrile-co-maleic acid); MG, malachite green.