Table 2.

Components of proposed algorithm.

Component	Description	Range/Value
Number of Anchor Nodes	Number of anchor nodes	5
Number of Sensor Nodes	Number of sensor nodes	20
Communication radius	Communication radius for sensor nodes	10
Anchor Nodes	Coordinates of anchor nodes	Uniform distribution in [0, 1] for both x and y coordinates (5, 2)
Sensor Nodes	Coordinates of sensor nodes	Uniform distribution in [0, 1] for both x and y coordinates (20, 2)
MP dv Hop Anchor Nodes	Modified DV-Hop sensor nodes' coordinates	Uniform distribution in [0, 1] for both x and y coordinates (5, 2)
MP dv Hop Sensor Nodes	Modified DV-Hop sensor nodes' coordinates	Uniform distribution in [0, 1] for both x and y coordinates (20, 2)
Dv Hop Anchor Node Assignments	Sensor nodes assigned to each anchor node	Computed in code
Nodes Per Anchor	Sensor nodes per anchor node	4 (approx.)
Num Extra Nodes	Number of extra nodes added	50
Dv Hop Extra Nodes	Extra nodes' coordinates	Uniform distribution in [0, 1] for both x and y coordinates (50, 2)
X	Loaded estimated coordinates	Estimated coordinates
Min Hop Count	Minimum hop count for connections	1, 2, 3
MP dv Hop Error Distances	Error distances for unknown nodes	$\sqrt{{\left({ux}_i-{u{x}^{\prime }}_i\right)}^2+{\left(u{y}_i-{u{y}^{\prime }}_i\right)}^2}$
Dv Hop Mean Error Distance	Mean error distance for localization	$\frac{1}{N_i}{\sum }_{i-1}^{N_u}\sqrt{{\left({ux}_i-{{ux}^{\prime }}_i\right)}^2+{\left({uy}_i^i-{u{y}^{\prime }}_i\right)}^2}$
Threshold	Error distance threshold	0.2 (The error distance threshold is a user-defined parameter that determines the acceptable level of error for localization)
Safe Nodes	Nodes with error distance≤threshold	The count of unknown nodes with an error distance less than or equal to the specified threshold.
Emergency Nodes	Nodes with error distance > threshold	The count of unknown nodes with an error distance greater than the specified threshold.
Avg Anchor Distance	Average distance between anchor nodes	$\frac{1}{\frac{N_a\left(N_a-1\right)}{2}}\sum _{i-2}^{N_a}\sum _{j-i+2}^{N_a}\sqrt{{\left({ax}_i-{a{x}^{\prime }}_j\right)}^2+{\left({ay}_i-{a{y}^{\prime }}_j\right)}^2}$
Avg Anchor Sensor Distance	Average distance between anchor nodes and sensor nodes	$\frac{1}{\frac{N_a\left(N_u\right)}{1}}\sum _{i=2}^{N_a}\sum _{j=1}^{N_u}\sqrt{{\left({ax}_i-{u{x}^{\prime }}_j\right)}^2+{\left({ay}_i-{u{y}^{\prime }}_j\right)}^2}$
Scaling Factor	Computed scaling factor	$\mathit{S}\mathit{c}\mathit{a}\mathit{l}\mathit{i}\mathit{n}\mathit{g}\mathit{f}\mathit{a}\mathit{c}\mathit{t}\mathit{o}\mathit{r}=$ $\frac{Averagedistancebetweenanchornodes}{Averagedistancebetweenanchornodesandsensornodes}$
total_nodes	Total number of nodes (for plotting)	50
proposed_dv_error	Average localization error for plotting	The average Euclidean distance between the actual position and the estimated position of all the unknown nodes.