Table 3.
Average amounts of minerals, protein, fat, total polyphenols and phytic acid ingested by the four test mealsa
| With crickets | Without crickets | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole | Low-chitin | High-zinc | Low-zinc | |
| WC | EC | HZ | LZ | |
| Amount of flour (g) consumed per meal | ||||
| Maize flour | 5.59 ± 0.94 | 5.31 ± 1.31 | 6.93 ± 0.01 | 6.93 ± 0.01 |
| Insect flour | 16.14 ± 2.70a | 15.54 ± 3.63a | - | - |
| Amount of zinc (mg) consumed per meal | ||||
| Insect flour: | 2.49 ± 0.42 | 1.89 ± 0.44 | - | - |
| of which intrinsically labeled (67Zn)1 | 0.41 ± 0.07 | 0.33 ± 0.08 | - | - |
| Maize flour: | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.00 |
| Extrinsically added isotope-labeled (68Zn)2 | - | - | 0.75 ± 0.00 | 0.75 ± 0.00 |
| Extrinsically added natural isotope composition | - | 0.51 ± 0.12 | 2.34 ± 0.00 | - |
| Total zinc | 2.61 ± 0.44b | 2.51 ± 0.59b | 3.24 ± 0.00a | 0.9 ± 0.00c |
| PA:Zinc3 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 6.9 |
| Amount of other micronutrients (mg) consumed per meal | ||||
| Calcium | 9.73 ± 0.04a | 23.36 ± 5.45c | 0.29 ± 0.00b | 0.29 ± 0.00b |
| Iron | 1.00 ± 0.17a | 0.95 ± 0.22a | 0.12 ± 0.00b | 0.12 ± 0.00b |
| Copper | 0.36 ± 0.06a | 0.34 ± 0.08b | 0.01 ± 0.00c | 0.01 ± 0.00c |
| Amount of anti-nutrients consumed per meal | ||||
| Phytic acid, mg | 50.18 ± 8.41b | 47.59 ± 11.71b | 62.19 ± 0.06a | 62.18 ± 0.07a |
| Polyphenols, mg4 | 45.85 ± 7.67b | 68.36 ± 15.95a | - | - |
| Chitin, g | 0.62 ± 0.10 | nd | - | - |
| Amount of macronutrients (g) consumed from cricket flour | ||||
| Protein | 7.12 ± 1.19a | 5.57 ± 1.30b | - | - |
| Soluble protein | 0.32 ± 0.05b | 1.36 ± 0.32a | - | - |
| Fat | 3.02 ± 0.51b | 3.70 ± 0.86a | - | - |
| Amount of calories (kcal) per meal consumed | 97.6 ± 12.2 | 94.9 ± 16.3 | 25.0 ± 0.0 | 25.0 ± 0.0 |
| Amount of porridge (g) per meal consumed | 113.12 ± 18.96 | 107.28 ± 26.39 | 120.18 ± 0.13 | 120.16 ± 0.13 |
aValues are presented as means (mg/ meal) ± SDs for calcium, iron, zinc, copper, phytic acid and polyphenols, or as means (g/ meal) ± SDs for chitin, protein, soluble protein and fat calculated based on the average consumed amounts. The basis for all meals was refined maize flour. Comparison of test-meal composition values was assessed by two-sided pairwise t-tests or One-way Anova. Means in a row without a common letter differed, with P < 0.05 considered to be significant. 1Whole cricket (WC) and low-chitin cricket (EC) flour containing meals were intrinsically labeled (67Zn), hence intrinsically labeled zinc forms part of total zinc in insect flour. 2Meals without crickets (LZ and HZ) were extrinsically labeled (68Zn). 3Phytic acid: zinc molar ratio (mol/mol). 4Expressed in GAEs, gallic acid equivalents. nd not detectable.