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. 2025 Jan 24;15:3144. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-86845-8

Table 3.

Results of muscle activation (µV) during maximum voluntary isometric contraction.

EI group CI group
T1 (16) T2 (16) T3 (15) T4 (11) T1 (13) T2 (13) T3 (9) T4 (5)
Dorsal flexion Tibialis anterior (ag) 73.15 (58.44) 109.17 (161.06)* 97.88 (137.51) 110.20 (143.97) 56.38 (56.20) 84.85 (64.37) 69.10 (2.10) 75.39 (64.69)
Strength gain (%) 49.24%
Gastrocnemius (atg) 33.86 (51.67) 19.58 (30.40)* 17.66 (25.79)* 22.74 (30.76) 13.57 (9.29) 14.35 (9.87) 18.50 (13.69) 21.54 (12.85)
Strength gain (%) − 42.17 − 47.84%
Knee extension Rectus femoris (ag) 108.57 (100.76) 139.42 (94.03)* 128.27 (110.00) 75.83 (61.13) 57.76 (6.19) 81.51 (49.72) 72.88 (28.66) 73.80 (31.95)
Strength gain (%) 28.41%
Biceps femoris 23.22 (19.68) 21.80 (14.46) 26.06 (26.46) 24.65 (21.70) 16.79 (9.47) 22.83 (17.47) 21.17 (21.98) 20.39 (18.46)
Hip abduction Gluteus maximum (ag) 52.46 (59.30) 73.46 (68.35)* 67.89 (77.29) 57.82 (65.37) 47.15 (69.37) 69.31 (85.02)* 40.55 (53.04) 24.12 (21.00)
Strength gain (%) 40.03% 47.00%
Hip extension Biceps femoris (ag) 79.68 (82.88) 99.92 (112.06)* 105.48 (123.85) 99.90 (138.02) 65.54 (45.52) 94.36 (59.06)* 82.65 (61.20) 81.63 (62.88)
Strength gain (%) 25.40% 57.70%
Rectus femoris (atg) 39.20 (49.90) 24.42 (28.21)* 22.81 (4.71) 30.25 (34.81) 42.35 (45.58) 39.28 (39.50) 36.30 (30.13) 13.12 (10.78)
Strength gain (%) − 37.70%
Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius (ag) 34.89 (36.87) 51.79 (78.48) 39.65 (52.55) 31.87 (48.87) 28.71 (17.05) 35.35 (34.84) 30.01 (23.97) 51.47 (38.89)
Tibialis anterior (atg) 23.16 (19.75) 18.45 (18.16) 16.95 (18.07) 21.45 (21.81) 37.21 (33.50) 37.35 (32.01) 44.76 (58.58) 58.59 (43.35)

T1 pre-intervention assessment, T2 post-intervention assessment, T3 one month follow-up, T4 three months follow-up, Ag agonist, Atg antagonist.

*p < 0.05 with T1. Results are expressed as mean (SD).