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(A) Glyoxalase enzymatic pathway involved in detoxification of methylglyoxal. Formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE) by methylglyoxal with biological macromolecules results in oxidative stress and inflammatory cascade. (B) Chemical structures of the glyoxalase substrate glutathione (GSH), ψ-GSH, and the prodrug, pro-ψ-GSH.
