Table 4.
Main FMD% findings of the eligible studies (n 11)
| Author, year | Dairy product | n | FMD% | Main findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | P value | ||||
|
Ballard et al., 2013 [41] |
Whey protein (NOP-47) Placebo |
21 21 |
3.71 ± 0.51 4.46 ± 0.54 |
5.12 ± 0.51 4.30 ± 0.51 |
P < 0.005 | Whey ↑ FMD% at 120 min compared to placebo |
|
Ballard et al., 2013 [42] |
Low-fat milk (1%) Rice milk |
19 19 |
6.41 ± 0.95 6.17 ± 0.74 |
6.74 ± 1.03 5.98 ± 0.82 |
P > 0.05 | No difference observed throughout time trial |
|
Machin et al., 2015 [45] |
High-dairy No dairy |
47 47 |
3.01 ± 0.35 3.39 ± 0.33 |
4.09 ± 0.43 2.45 ± 0.43 |
P < 0.005 | High-dairy ↑ FMD% |
|
Fekete et al., 2016 [48] |
Whey-protein, Ca caseinate Maltodextrin |
36 36 36 |
4.79 ± 0.3 4.83 ± 0.3 4.79 ± 0.3 |
5.38 ± 0.4 4.94 ± 0.3 4.07 ± 0.3 |
P < 0.001 | Whey and calcium caseinate ↑ FMD% compared to control |
|
Radtke et al., 2017 [50] |
Butter Margarine with TFA Margarine without TFA |
50 31 48 |
5.0 (3.2–7.1) 4.7 (3.2–7.1) 4.3 (3.1–7.2) |
5.5 (4.7–6.1) 5.2 (4.2–6.3) 6.3 (5.2–7.4) |
0.987 | No difference |
|
Fekete et al., 2018 [49] |
Whey-protein, Ca caseinate Maltodextrin |
25 25 25 |
4.78 4.75 4.81 |
4.84 4.94 4.34 |
0.014 | Whey and calcium caseinate ↑ FMD% compared to control |
|
Leary et al., 2018 [44] |
Non-fat milk Lactose, whey |
29 29 |
7.6 ± 0.6 8.7 ± 0.6 |
8.4 ± 0.6 8.0 ± 0.7 |
NR | No difference in any of the trials |
|
Leary et al., 2018 [43] |
Non-fat milk Lactose and whey Lactose |
30 30 30 |
9.0 ± 0.8 9.3 ± 0.8 7.8 ± 0.8 |
7.9 ± 0.l7 9.0 ± 0.9 9.1 ± 0.8 |
NR | No difference in any of the trials |
|
Roy et al., 2020 [46] |
High dairy No dairy |
60 60 |
5.65 ± 0.54 6.44 ± 0.55 |
5.34 ± 0.62 5.57 ± 0.62 |
0.367 | No difference |
| Vasilopoulou et al., 2020 [47] |
Conventional dairy MUFA-enriched dairy |
50 50 |
4.68 ± 0.28 4.42 ± 0.27 |
4.14 ± 0.30 4.77 ± 0.28 |
P < 0.0001 | Compared to baseline, the conventional dairy diet decreased %FMD compared with an increase after ↑ MUFA dairy |
|
Markey et al., 2021 [40] |
Conventional dairy MUFA-enriched dairy |
45 45 |
4.66 ± 0.28 4.50 ± 0.27 |
4.83 ± 0.34 5.20 ± 0.30 |
0.681 |
No treatment effect observed. Relative to baseline, there was a 4% higher ΔAUC for FMD% following MUFA-dairy compared to conventional dairy (P = 0.075). |
Data presented as mean ± SEM, or median (interquartile range)
Abbreviations: ↑ increase; Ca, calcium; d, day; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; NR, not reported