Table 1.

Inflammatory Mediators and Their Roles in OC Progression

Inflammatory Mediator	Associated Pathways	Role in OC Progression	Therapeutic Potential	References
IL-6	STAT3	Promotes tumor cell survival, proliferation, immune evasion	Targeting IL-6 can inhibit STAT3 signaling, reduce tumor growth	[55,58]
TNF-α	NF-kB	Activates NF-kB, enhances cell survival and metastasis	Inhibiting TNF-α can disrupt NF-kB pathway and reduce tumor growth	[62,64]
IL-8	Angiogenesis	Promotes angiogenesis, associated with tumor spread	Targeting IL-8 may reduce vascularization and metastasis	[66,67]
CXCL12	CXCR4/CXCL12 axis	Regulates immune cell migration, contributes to metastasis	Inhibiting CXCL12/CXCR4 axis can prevent metastasis	[70,71]
COX-2	PGE2	Promotes immune evasion, angiogenesis, tumor growth	COX-2 inhibitors reduce PGE2 production, disrupt immunosuppressive environment, enhance immunity	[72,74]