Table 4.
Change in forest and urban walk test results.
| Intervention (n = 37) |
Control (n = 41) |
Adjusted mean difference a | P value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | |||||||
| Baseline | After walk | Change | Baseline | After walk | Change | |||||
| sIgA (saliva, µg/ml) | 37 | 187.1 ± 127.4 | 201.5 ± 95.9 | 14.4 ± 96.6 | 40 | 197.1 ± 115.6 | 168.2 ± 75.9 | −28.9 ± 90.1 | 32.1 (2.3, 62.0) | 0.035 |
| Adrenaline (plasma, pg/ml) | 36 | 40.1 ± 18.5 | 29.8 ± 15.6 | −10.3 ± 11.0 | 41 | 52.0 ± 25.8 | 40.9 ± 21.7 | −11.1 ± 14.2 | −1.4 (− 6.5, 3.6) | 0.568 |
| Noradrenaline (plasma, pg/ml) | 37 | 594.4 ± 205.3 | 606.5 ± 213.7 | 12.1 ± 190.3 | 41 | 646.4 ± 199.5 | 582.1 ± 196.2 | −64.3 ± 150.5 | 65.8 (− 6.7, 138.2) | 0.075 |
| Dopamine (plasma, pg/ml) | 37 | 20.9 ± 13.8 | 21.6 ± 8.7 | 0.7 ± 11.6 | 40 | 20.8 ± 8.7 | 19.4 ± 6.2 | −1.4 ± 6.5 | 2.8 (0.0, 5.6) | 0.048 |
| Cortisol (plasma, µg/dl) | 37 | 7.2 ± 3.3 | 5.3 ± 1.9 | −1.9 ± 3.2 | 41 | 7.6 ± 2.6 | 6.6 ± 2.5 | −1.0 ± 3.3 | −1.4 (− 2.4, − 0.4) | 0.007 |
| IgG (serum, mg/dl) | 37 | 1,179.3 ± 158.8 | 1,145.5 ± 154.1 | −33.8 ± 36.0 | 41 | 1,164.8 ± 226.9 | 1,135.7 ± 216.4 | −29.1 ± 29.7 | −3.9 (− 18.4, 10.6) | 0.596 |
| White blood cell count (blood, /µl) | 37 | 5,394.6 ± 1,538.4 | 5,500.0 ± 1,552.4 | 105.4 ± 579.2 | 41 | 4,978.1 ± 1,037.4 | 5,658.5 ± 1,139.1 | 680.5 ± 745.7 | −532.5 (− 844.1, − 220.8) | 0.001 |
| Percentage of lymphocytes (blood, %) | 37 | 34.7 ± 8.8 | 33.2 ± 7.5 | −1.5 ± 4.9 | 41 | 32.1 ± 6.6 | 31.6 ± 7.1 | −0.5 ± 4.9 | −0.3 (− 2.4, 1.8) | 0.803 |
| CD4+ T cell count (blood, /µl) | 37 | 779.2 ± 241.2 | 833.9 ± 257.7 | 54.7 ± 99.2 | 41 | 704.4 ± 252.2 | 821.1 ± 296.2 | 116.6 ± 126.2 | −62.9 (− 116.4, − 9.3) | 0.022 |
| CD8+ T cell count (blood, /µl) | 37 | 499.1 ± 207.7 | 443.1 ± 149.9 | −56.0 ± 119.3 | 41 | 440.9 ± 183.3 | 467.3 ± 190.3 | 26.4 ± 89.2 | −66.9 (− 110.1, − 23.6) | 0.003 |
| Interleukin-6 (serum, pg/ml) | 37 | 1.6 ± 3.9 | 1.7 ± 3.7 | 0.1 ± 1.2 | 40 | 1.2 ± 1.7 | 1.3 ± 2.6 | 0.1 ± 1.0 | 0.0 (− 0.5, 0.5) | 0.929 |
| POMS2 | ||||||||||
| Anger-Hostility (AH, score) | 37 | 41.2 ± 4.1 | 39.3 ± 2.8 | −1.9 ± 2.8 | 41 | 43.3 ± 6.3 | 40.8 ± 5.2 | −2.5 ± 5.7 | −0.3 (− 2.0, 1.3) | 0.68 |
| Confusion-Bewilderment (CB, score) | 37 | 45.1 ± 6.8 | 41.5 ± 4.2 | −3.5 ± 4.6 | 41 | 45.6 ± 6.7 | 43.0 ± 5.9 | −2.6 ± 4.0 | −1.1 (− 2.7, 0.4) | 0.144 |
| Depression-Dejection (DD, score) | 37 | 44.5 ± 65.2 | 43.0 ± 3.9 | −1.4 ± 3.1 | 41 | 45.7 ± 6.4 | 44.1 ± 5.3 | −1.6 ± 3.7 | −0.1 (− 1.4, 1.2) | 0.834 |
| Fatigue-Inertia (FI, score) | 37 | 41.6 ± 6.4 | 39.3 ± 4.4 | −2.4 ± 4.4 | 41 | 41.1 ± 6.5 | 39.9 ± 6.2 | −1.2 ± 4.1 | −0.8 (− 2.4, 0.8) | 0.332 |
| Tension-Anxiety (TA, score) | 37 | 43.2 ± 8.2 | 36.9 ± 5.3 | −6.3 ± 5.9 | 41 | 44.4 ± 8.4 | 38.8 ± 6.6 | −5.6 ± 5.6 | −1.5 (− 3.4, 0.5) | 0.142 |
| Vigor-Activity (VA, score) | 37 | 58.2 ± 10.8 | 63.3 ± 9.5 | 5.1 ± 9.0 | 41 | 60.4 ± 9.4 | 59.2 ± 10.3 | −1.2 ± 6.4 | 5.6 (2.3, 8.9) | 0.001 |
| Friendliness (F, score) | 37 | 57.7 ± 11.0 | 60.1 ± 11.3 | 2.4 ± 6.7 | 41 | 59.7 ± 10.3 | 59.5 ± 12.2 | −0.2 ± 7.2 | 2.8 (− 0.3, 6.0) | 0.078 |
| Total mood disturbance (TMD, score) | 37 | 40.8 ± 7.0 | 36.6 ± 4.6 | −4.2 ± 4.9 | 41 | 41.2 ± 6.6 | 39.3 ± 6.0 | −1.9 ± 5.3 | −2.6 (− 4.4, − 0.7) | 0.007 |
aThe model was adjusted for baseline levels before the walks and total physical activity (METs·hours).