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. 2025 Jan 25;15:3197. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-87049-w

Table 2.

HL level according to self-assessment of respondent health status.

Variable Category n (%)/mean (sd) HL mean (sd) p-value
Health information search 4 (0.10) 68.75 (47.32) 0.0001
No 845 (26.20) 85.03 (20.92)
Yes 2381(73.7) 86.19 (17.73)
Basic life support skills 9(0.2) 73.96 (34.05) 0.0001
No 1478(45.8) 83.15 (19.89)
Yes 1743(54) 88.24 (17.14)
Affordability of medication 8(0.2) 79.17 (33.03) 0.0001
Easy 2145(66.4) 86.47 (17.15)
Difficult 442(13.7) 77.55 (25.05)
Very easy 600(18.6) 91 (14.17)
Very difficult 35(1.1) 67.86 (30.86)
Affordability of medical examinations and treatments 3(0.1) 55.56 (48.83) 0.0001
Easy 2007(62.1) 87.89 (15.65)
Difficult 698(21.6) 77.77 (24.14)
Very easy 452(14) 92.11 (12.52)
Very difficult 70(2.2) 69.76 (29.63)
Number of close individuals to the respondent 24(1.6) 82.5 (23.4) 0.0001
1 or 2 1386(42.9) 84.63 (20.25)
3 to 5 1205(37.3) 86.37 (16.69)
6 or more 444(13.7) 89.77 (15.78)
none 171(5.3) 82.26 (23.06)
General health status assessment 2(0.1) 33.34 (47.14) 0.0001
Bad 64(2) 75.13 (19.27)
Good 1670(51.7) 87.68 (16.92)
Fair 765(23.7) 79.8 (21.72)
Very bad 7(0.2) 78.57 (15.85)
Very good 722(22.4) 89.27 (16.88)
Long-term illness or health problem 1(0) 0.001
No 2518(78) 86.79 (18.01)
Yes 711(22) 82.71 (20.32)
Impact of health problems on activities (limitation level) 4(0.1) 58.33 (42.49) 0.0001
Limited but not severely 866(26.8) 82.32 (20.16)
No Health Problem 1378(42.7) 87.92 (17.06)
Not limited at all 982(30.4) 86.23 (18.86)
Emergency service usage (n) 0.69 (1.47)
GP or family doctor visits (n) 1.69 (2.40)
Medical or surgical specialist visits (n) 1.02 (1.89)
Hospital inpatient visits (n) 0.12 (0.43)
Hospital day patient visits (n) 0.75 (1.83)
Absent days in university due to health problems 2.87 (5.59)