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. 2025 Jan 25;15:3188. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-87684-3

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Proteomic analysis of healthy donors and newly diagnosed patients (5 vs. 5). (A) PCA analysis of proteomics in healthy donor and newly diagnosed patients. (B) Volcano plot of differential proteins between healthy donors and newly diagnosed patients. (C) Bar chart of GO enrichment analysis of differential proteins in healthy donors and newly diagnosed patients (top 10 for BP, MF, CC based on significance). (D) Bubble plot of KEGG enrichment analysis of differential proteins in healthy donors and newly diagnosed patients (top 20 based on significance ranking). KEGG pathways were identified and visualized using the KEGG database (Kanehisa Laboratories, www.kegg.jp/kegg/kegg1.html). Permission to use KEGG pathways was obtained from Kanehisa Laboratories. (E) PPI network diagram of differential proteins in healthy donors and newly diagnosed patients (top 25 ranked by degree connectivity).