AAC	aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase
ABC	ATP-binding cassette
ADC	Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinase
AME	aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme
AMP	adenosine monophosphate
AMPs	antimicrobial peptides
AMR	antimicrobial resistance
anhMP	anhydromuropeptide
ANTs	aminoglycoside O-nucleotidyltransferases
aPDT	antimicrobial pototdynamic therapy
APHs	aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferases
Ara4N	transfer of 4-amino-4-deoxy-1-arabinose
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
BEL	Belgium extended β-lactamase
CARB	carbenicillin-hydrolyzing β-lactamase
CFU	colony-forming unit
cgMLST	core-genome multilocus sequence typing
cKp	classical K. pneumoniae
CLSI	Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CRE	carbapenem-resistant enterobacterales
CREC	E. cloacea complex
CRKP	carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae
CTX-M	cefotaxime-hydrolyzing β-lactamase
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
EEA	European Economic Area
EDTA	ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
ESBL	extended-spectrum β-lactamases
ESKAPE	E. faecium, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.
EU	European Union
GES	Guiana extended-spectrum β-lactamase
GPC-1	German Pseudomonas carbapenemase
GTP	guanosine triphosphate
hvKp	hypervirulent K. pneumoniae
ICs	international high-resistant clones
ICU	intensive care unit
IGs	clonal groups
IM	inner membrane
IMP	imipenemase
IQR	interquartile range
KPC	K. pneumoniae carbapenemase
L-Ara4N	4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
M	median
MATE	multidrug and toxic compound extrusion
MBL	metallo-β-lactamase
MDR	multidrug resistance
MFP	membrane fusion or an adaptor protein
MFS	major facilitator superfamily
MGE	mobile genetic element
MIC	minimal inhibitory concentration
MRSA	methicillin-resistant S. aureus
NDM	New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase
OM	outer membrane
Omp	outer membrane protein
OMV	outer membrane vesicle
OXA	oxacillinase
PACE	proteobacterial antimicrobial compound efflux
PBP	penicillin-binding protein
PDR	pandrug resistant
PER	Pseudomonas extended resistant
PEtN	phosphoethanolamine
PIB-1	Pseudomonas imipenem β-lactamase
PMF	proton motive force
PMQR	plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance
PSE	Pseudomonas-specific enzyme
QRDR	quinolone-resistant-determinating region
RND	resistance-nodulation-division
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SARS-CoV-2	a strain of corona virus that causes COVID-19
SCO-1	a novel plasmid-mediated class A β-lactamase with carbenicillinase characteristics from E. coli
SHV	sulfhydryl reagent variable
SIM	Seoul imipenemase
SMR	small multidrug resistance
SPM	Sao Paulo MBL
STs	sequence types
TCRS	two-component regulatory system
TEM	Temoneira serine β-lactamase of molecular class A
UI	uncertainty interval
US	United States
VAP	ventilator-associated pneumonia
VEB	Vietnam extended β-lactamase
VIM	Verona integron-encoded MBL
VRE	vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
WHO	World Health Organization
XDR	extensively drug-resistant bacteria
Note: The names of genes and bacterial strains are written in italics