Table 2.
Demographics and 4D flow parameters in Fontan patients and control.
| Parameters | Control (n = 14) | Fontan (n = 25) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 10 (9, 11) | 9 (8, 12) | 0.836 |
| Follow-up time since surgery, years | - | 5 (3, 7) | - |
| Gender, M/F | 8/6 (57 %) | 15/10 (60 %) | 0.866 |
| Height, cm | 144 (132, 150) | 125 (120, 135) | 0.039 |
| Weight, kg | 37 (28, 45) | 25 (20, 31) | 0.008 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.22 (1.02,1.37) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.012 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 114 (109,118) | 112 (107,116) | 0.624 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 69 (65,73) | 66 (61,71) | 0.228 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 77 (71, 87) | 79 (62, 93) | 0.745 |
| NYHA functional class Ⅰ–Ⅱ | 25(100 %) | - | |
| Mass index, g/m2 | 38 (35, 40) | 37 (29, 46) | 0.588 |
| EDV index, ml/m2 | 73 (64, 86) | 80 (57, 100) | 0.671 |
| ESV index, ml/m2 | 31 (29, 35) | 38 (27, 44) | 0.151 |
| SV index, ml/m2 | 39 (35, 52) | 41 (30, 57) | 0.580 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 58 (56, 60) | 56 (51, 63) | 0.142 |
| Cardiac output, L/min | 3.64 (3.21, 4.14) | 3.21 (2.65, 3.72) | 0.298 |
| Cardiac output index, L/min/m2 | 4.05 (3.32, 4.76) | 3.39 (2.19, 4.27) | 0.271 |
| E-wave velocities, cm/s | - | 79.68(56.7,96.5) | - |
| A-wave velocities, cm/s | - | 58.28(43.2,76) | - |
| E/A ratio | - | 1.54(1,2.05) | - |
| LV Diastolic dysfunction, n | 0 (%) | 9/16 * (56 %) | - |
| Blood flow components | |||
| Direct flow, % | 40 (37, 41) | 32 (28, 39) | 0.005 |
| Retained inflow, % | 12 (10, 16) | 18 (12, 24) | 0.072 |
| Delayed ejection flow, % | 24 (19, 27) | 17 (13, 23) | 0.024 |
| Residual volume, % | 23 (18, 29) | 28 (24, 35) | 0.034 |
| KE indexed to EDV | |||
| Average KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 11.2 (9.8, 14.3) | 6.6 (4.6, 8.1) | < 0.001 |
| Peak systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 23.5 (20.7, 27.5) | 11.7 (9.4, 16.3) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 11.7 (9.6, 15.6) | 6.7 (4.7, 8.4) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 11.8 (8.6, 14.5) | 6.5 (4.3, 8.6) | < 0.001 |
| Peak E-wave KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 27.5 (23.6, 31.7) | 11.7 (9.1, 15.3) | < 0.001 |
| Peak A-wave KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 12.1 (9.8, 13.7) | 8.3 (4.8, 10.9) | 0.019 |
| KEiEDV E/A ratio | 2.38 (1.92, 2.71) | 1.44 (1.07, 2.48) | 0.02 |
Data are reported as median (25th percentile, 75th percentile). There were statistical differences in bold representation. NYHA = New York Heart Association functional class; EDV = end-diastolic volume; ESV = end-systolic volume; SV = stroke volume; LV = left ventricle; KE = Kinetic energy; KEiEDV = KE index ventricular end-diastolic volume. * : 9 Fontan (right ventricle type) not included.