Table 4.
Comparison of 4D flow parameters between Fontan patients with inter-ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony versus without inter-ventricular dyssynchrony.
| 4D flow parameters | Fontan with inter-ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (n = 15)* | Fontan without inter-ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (n = 9) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood flow components | |||
| Direct flow, % | 34 (29, 39) | 29 (25, 37) | 0.272 |
| Retained inflow, % | 18 (17, 21) | 12 (8, 25) | 0.814 |
| Delayed ejection flow, % | 17 (12, 23) | 17 (14, 23) | 0.859 |
| Residual volume, % | 27 (24, 32) | 33 (27, 40) | 0.162 |
| KE indexed to EDV | |||
| Average KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 7.0 (5.0,9.7) | 6.3 (4.4, 8.1) | 0.682 |
| Peak systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 11.3 (9.9, 15.1) | 13.4 (10.4, 19.4) | 0.347 |
| Systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 6.7 (5.2, 7.5) | 7.1 (4.7, 9.7) | 0.861 |
| Diastolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 7.8 (4.6, 9.3) | 5.3 (4.0, 6.8) | 0.181 |
| Peak E-wave KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 14.0 (9.2, 16.7) | 11.2 (9.0, 12.1) | 0.131 |
| Peak A-wave KEiEDV, µJ/ml | 9.8 (4.6, 13.9) | 7.3 (5.7, 10.7) | 0.432 |
| KEiEDV E/A ratio | 1.44 (1.01, 2.66) | 1.38 (1.11, 2.06) | 0.788 |
Data were reported as median (25th percentile, 75th percentile). KEiEDV = kinetic energy normalized to end-diastolic volume (EDV). Inter-ventricular dyssynchrony assessed by difference in time to maximal displacement between RV free wall and LV lateral wall (i.e. ≥33 ms by 95th percentile from controls). *One case was excluded due to poor image quality.