Table 5.

The framework of flipped classroom education model based on VR and AI in frontier research at the present stage.

Researcher	Model/educational framework	Datasets/methods used in the paper	Conclusion
Lin et al.36	Flip learning model based on VR	Comparison of 39 students in the experimental group and 37 students in the control group in the lumbar puncture course	The flip learning model based on virtual reality has significantly improved complex medical skills, self-efficacy and learning motivation. Suggestions on integrating VR technology into medical training are put forward. [36].
Diningrat et al.37	Extended flipped classroom mode	112 students participated in the 2 × 2 factor design to analyze the interaction between extended flip classroom and memory capacity.	Expanding flip class can significantly improve primary school students’ reading comprehension ability, especially for students with high working memory capacity [37].
Liao and Wu38	Learning model based on video clickstream data analysis	47,044 video viewing data of 47 graduate students, combined with click stream dynamic analysis.	This paper reveals the dynamic development mechanism of learning motivation through video interactive behavior, and suggests providing on-demand teaching materials to support learning autonomy [38].
Zhang39	Teaching and evaluation model of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing flip based on MOOC and AI	Three EFL teachers and 66 students triangulated the data of their pre-and post-test papers and questionnaires.	The model significantly improves EFL writing performance, and the growth trend of teachers’ knowledge of technology teaching content is of reference value to technology integration education [39].
Wong et al.40	Virtual and Augmented Reality Technology-Enhanced Learning Environment (VARTeL)	156 mechanical engineering students, three VR games combined with pre-test and post-test and Technology-Rich Outcomes-Focused Learning Environment Inventory (TROFLEI) scale analysis.	VARTeL flipped classroom significantly improves the effect of engineering education, and the post-test increases by 24.8%, which verifies the potential of VR in complex technology learning [40].
Gutiérrez-González et al.41	Video lecture model based on Edpuzzle platform	Analysis of viewing data and retention rate of 51 videos of 109 medical students in neurosurgery courses for two consecutive years.	Short videos can attract students’ participation, and the viewing rate of early uploaded videos is higher. Design strategies are emphasized to improve learners’ participation [41].