Figure 2.

An overview of key strategies shaping the landscape of variant histology renal cell carcinoma treatment. These include advancements in biomarker development, inclusive clinical trial eligibility criteria, immune checkpoint blockade, novel targeted therapies and antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), engineered cellular therapies (including CAR-T, CAR-NK, and cellular vaccines), tumor-infiltrating and adoptive immune cells, artificial intelligence integration, and the incorporation of real-world data into clinical trials. These interconnected approaches aim to optimize outcomes across diverse histologic subtypes and patient populations.