Table 3.

Antidiabetic potential of quercetin.

Activity	Study Types	Dose	Mechanism	Outcomes of the Study	Refs.
Antidiabetic potential	In vivo	50 mg/kg	Glucose levels and lipid profiles, liver and kidney injury marker ↓ Antioxidant enzymes ↑	Treatment with this flavonoid improved elevated serum blood glucose levels and insulin levels. This compound inhibited oxidative stress and tissue injury biomarkers. Structure of pancreatic β-cells improved.	[48]
	In vivo	15 mg/kg	Fasting blood sugar and malondialdehyde ↓ Total antioxidant capacity ↑ The mRNA levels of HSP27, HSP70, HSF-1, and glucose-6-phosphatase ↓ The expression of glucokinase ↑	Quercetin caused an increase in the transcript level of glucokinase and decreased stress proteins.	[50]
	In vivo	25 mg/kg	Maintained pancreatic tissue architecture. Lipid peroxidation ↓ Antioxidant enzyme ↑	Quercetin treatment positively affects pancreatic tissues by directly reducing lipid peroxides.	[51]
	In vivo	20 mg/kg	Fasting blood glucose levels liver and kidney marker enzymes ↓ Antioxidant enzyme ↑	Quercetin ameliorates hyperglycemia and oxidative stress.	[54]
In vivo	50 mg/kg		Improved the neurological morphology of sciatic nerve. Prevented myelin and axonal damage. ROS production levels ↓	Quercetin modulates gut microbiota associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It also modulates levels of ROS production.	[55]
	In vivo	20 mg/kg	Body weight and fasting blood sugar levels ↓ The inflammatory markers ↓ Antioxidant enzyme levels ↑ Kidney tissue architecture maintenance. Fibrosis ↓	The finding demonstrates the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and reno-protective effects of quercetin. This compound boosted the antioxidant enzyme levels and well-maintained kidney architecture.	[56]