Table 6.

Disease management potential of quercetin via the modulation of various activities.

Activity	Study Types	Animal/Cell Lines	Dose	Outcomes of the Study	Refs.
Cardioprotective	In vivo	Rats	10 mg/kg	High blood pressure and heart rate was decreased quercetin decreased.	[75]
	In vivo	Rats	20 mg/kg	Quercetin demonstrated a detrimental effect on Na, K-ATPase activity by causing a decrease in ATP and Na (+) concentrations.	[76]
	In vivo	Rats	10 mg/kg	Quercetin improved endothelial function and reduced blood pressure. This compound endorsed autophagy.	[77]
Renoprotective	In vivo	Mice	10 g/kg	Quercetin treatment positively reduced polyuria and glycemia. Moreover, it abolished hypertriglyceridemia and impacted renal function. Additionally, improved structural changes in the kidney.	[80]
	In vivo	Mice	5, 10 mg/kg	Creatinine level decreased and histological score improved by quercetin.	[81]
		Rats	50 mg/kg	GSH levels were improved with quercetin treatment. Histopathological observations revealed decreased levels of NF-κB and eNOS expression after quercetin treatment.	[82]
	In vivo	Rats	2 mg/kg	Pretreatment with quercetin reduced elevated TBARS, reduced renal dysfunction. Renal antioxidant enzymes were restored by quercetin treatment.	[83]
		Rats	100 mg/kg	Quercetin could overcome cisplatin-induced oxidative stress. It also induced antioxidant gene expression and antioxidant enzyme activity.	[85]
Anti-obesity	In vivo	Rats	185 mg/kg	Quercetin-rich formulation supplemented groups showed a smaller size of adipocytes and much less lipid accumulation. Decreased serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.	[88]
		Mice	0.1% (weight/weight) quercetin	Quercetin attenuated mast cell, macrophage infiltration. Proinflammatory cytokines was lowered by quercetin treatment.	[89]
	In vitro	3T3-L1 preadipocytes	0, 10, 50, or 100 μM	Expression of adipogenesis-related enzymes was decreased by this compound treatment and attenuated adipogenesis. Induction of apoptosis was noticed in the adipocytes with by the treatment of quercetin.	[90]
	In vitro and in vivo	3T3-L1 & Rats	75 and 100 μg/mL and 0.72% OPE	Lipid accumulations and TG contents suppressed. mRNA levels of activating protein downregulated. HF + OPE groups reduced weights in the mesenteric fat pad compared with the HF group	[91]
Anti-arthritis	In vivo	Rats	100 mg/kg	Quercetin caused anti-inflammatory effects, lowering jaw volume, downregulating ADA gene expression, reducing levels of RA cytokines.	[94]
	In vitro	Fibroblast-like synoviocytes	50 nmol/L	Expression of XIST and inflammatory cytokines production prevented by quercetin inhibits	[96]
	In vitro	Fibroblast-like synoviocytes	0, 10, 20, or 30 M	Quercetin treatment caused depressed migration and invasion. GATA6 expression was suppressed and the level of miR-146a increased by quercetin.	[98]
Anti-dermatitis	In vivo	Mice	50 or 100 mg/kg	Galangin and quercetin diminish mast cell infiltration and inflammation in the skin, thus attenuating dermatitis.	[39]
	In vivo	Mice	30, 60, and 120 mg/kg	Anti-psoriasis effects were noted by quercetin via improvement in anti-inflammatory status and as an antioxidant.	[99]
	In vitro, in vivo	HaCaT cells, THP-1, and RAW 264.7, mice	0.01–1 μM and 1 μM and 10 μM	Quercetin suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory as well as output of TLR-2. Quercetin reduced skin inflammation	[102]
Effects in respiratory system	In vivo	Mice	10 mg/kg	Quercetin showed less oxidative damage, improvement in the histological pattern, and reduction in cellular influx. Caused improvement in pulmonary emphysema.	[106]
	In vitro and in vivo	Rats, NCI-H292 cells	25 and 50 mg/kg 5, 10, or 20 μM	Quercetin prevented histopathological changes and attenuated CS-induced inflammatory cell influx. Quercetin attenuated oxidative stress.	[108]
	In vitro	Human alveolar epithelial cell A549	10, 20, and 40 μM	Quercetin attenuated the release of inflammatory markers and nitrite. Quercetin relieves ROS generation and inhibits cell apoptosis.	[8]
Role in oral health	In vitro	Human oral keratinocytes	20 μM	TGF-β3 mRNA and protein levels diminished by quercetin. Expressions of proinflammatory cytokines were downregulated.	[116]
	In vitro	hOMK107 cells	20, 40, and 80 μM	Quercetin caused apoptosis. This flavonoid decreased the inflammatory marker’s production.	[117]
Wound healing effects	In vivo	Rats	Quercetin gel was 5% with a dose of 20 µg	The enhancement in wound healing after quercetin administration noted via decreased inflammatory cells and increased fibroblast cells.	[126]
	In vivo	Rats	10, 20, and 40 mg/mL	The wound contraction was the fastest in the quercetin-high dose group. Histopathological studies revealed that collagen deposition and fibroblast distribution was higher in this compound group.	[127]
Anti-colitis effects	In vivo	Mice	50 mg/kg	Quercetin as well as indol-3-carbinol improved clinical symptoms of colitis. Loss of epithelial integrity and inflammation was decreased by quercetin treatment.	[129]
	In vivo	Mice	500 ppm	Quercetin alleviated colitis and strengthened intestinal integrity and liver antioxidant capacity.	[130]
	In vivo	Mice	25, 50, and 100 mg/kg	Quercetin repaired intestinal barrier dysfunction.	[131]
Anti-platelet activation	In vivo	Rats	5 mg/kg	Quercetin remarkably improved the ultrastructural deviation of platelets.	[134]
Anti-depressant effects	In vivo	Mice	50 mg/kg	QUE or FLX treatment improved depression-associated behaviors.	[152]
	In vivo	Rats	60 mg/kg	Quercetin improved the anxiety-depressive-like behavior.	[154]
Role in reproductive system	In vivo	Rats	50 mg/kg	An increased antioxidant enzyme and decrease in Bax gene expression was noted in the quercetin + crude oil vapor group.	[164]
	In vivo	Rats	50 mg/Kg	Quercetin restored hypertension-induced impairment of hormones. Quercetin improves sperm motility as well as viability.	[166]
	In vivo	Mice	5 mg/Kg	Quercetin increased birth spacing and caused reduction in the number of litters.	[168]
Role in bone health	In vivo	Mice	0.25% (LQ) or 2.5% quercetin	Quercetin inhibits bone loss.	[171]
	In vivo	Rats	15 mg/kg	This compound treatment improves bone biomechanical strength and bone structure.	[173]
	In vivo	Rats	5, 30, and 50 mg/kg	Bone loss was prevented by oral administration of quercetin.	[174]
Radioprotective effects	In vivo	Mice	100 mg/kg	Radioprotective effects of quercetin were noted.	[179]
	In vivo	Mice	20 mg/kg	Quercetin in mitigating radiation-induced oxidative stress and scavenged the radiation-induced free radicals.	[180]