Table 2.
Recent works exploiting smart diagnostic nano-agents for MR imaging in ischemic stroke.
| Material | Design | Effectiveness | In Vivo Model | Technique | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A low-immunogenic nanoprobe | Nanoprobes developed by coating Fe3O4 NPs with self-peptides | Nanoprobes effectively tracked stroke progression using SWI and combined DWI tracing | Mouse in a stroke model | MRI | [109] |
| Catalase-loaded tannic acid NP | Ischemia-homing bioengineered nano-scavenger | Specific clearance of pathogenic elements and inflammation alleviation | Not specified | Not specified | [110] |
| Cobalt protoporphyrin IX (CoPP) and SPION | Co protoporphyrin-induced nano-self-assembly (CPSP) | Excellent T2-weighted MR imaging and improved MSC survival and neural repair | Middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model | MRI | [111] |
| Cu4.6O@Dz@PLTM | Cu4.6O NP encapsulated by zein-Se-Se-DHA and coated by platelet membrane | Targeting cerebral ischemic lesions, ROS scavenging, neuroprotective effects | Rat model of cerebral I/R injury | MRI | [112] |
| Fe3O4 NPs | Low-immunogenic nanoprobe with self-peptide stealth coating | Prolonged blood half-life and enhanced contrast for infarct core, collaterals, and penumbra identification | Not specified | SWI and DWI | [109] |
| Fluorescent-Magnetite-Nanocluster (FMNC) | Embedding individual magnetite NPs into a polystyrene scaffold coated with two layers of silica and a layer of rhodamine | FMNC-labeled MSCs migrated to and accumulated in the ischemic region after FMNC-labeled MSC transplantation | Mouse in middle cerebral artery occlusion model | MRI | [113] |
| Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) | P-selectin targeted nanoparticle (MNP-PBP) | Greater T2 effect and early endothelial activation imaging | Transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice | T2 MRI | [114] |
| IONPs and Au nanorods | Multitheragnostic multi-GNRs crystal-seeded magnetic nanoseaurchin | Enhanced stem cell homing and multimodal imaging | Not specified | Photoacoustic imaging and MRI | [115] |
| Magnetic nanobubbles (MNBs) | MNBs | MRI and ultrasound imaging surveillance of Neural stem cells (NSCs) based on MNB labeling can be leveraged to provide NSC therapeutic outcomes | Mouse in a stroke model | MRI | [116] |
| MIRB | MRI or Xenogen imaging combined with the labeling of SPIO-Molday ION Rhodamine-B (MIRB) | MIRB-labeled CD4(+) T cells can be longitudinally visualized in the mouse brain after cerebral ischemia | Mouse in a stroke model | MRI | [117] |
| MnO2 nanozyme | Peptide-templated nanozyme (PNzyme/MnO2) | Thrombolytic and neuroprotective actions with prolonged circulation | Mice and rat ischemic stroke models | Not specified | [118] |
| Neutrophil-camouflaged magnetic nanoprobes (NMNPs) | NMNPs consist of a SPION-loaded PLGA NPs core and a biomimetic neutrophil membrane shell | NMNPs offer a safe and selective option for neuroinflammation imaging | Mouse in middle cerebral artery occlusion model | MRI | [119] |
| Platelet membrane biomimetic magnetic nanocarrier (PAMNs) | A PAMN loaded with L-arginine and g-Fe2O3 magnetic NPs (PAMNs) | PAMNs can specifically target different types of damaged blood vasculature | Mouse in a stroke model | MRI | [120] |
| Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-ylated Upconversion Nanoprobes (PEG-UCNPs) | High-performance upconversion nanoprobes | High-resolution MRA and MRP imaging with longer circulation time | Acute IS model | MRA and MRP | [121] |
| Specific Fe3O4-ArgGly-Asp (RGD | Molecular probes were prepared from an integrin avb3-specific Fe3O4-Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) | Fe3O4-RGD nanoprobes bind to collaterals | Mouse in middle cerebral artery occlusion model | MRI | [122] |
| SPIONs | Contrast agents were prepared from PEGylated SPIONs | Ability of the PEGylated SPIONs to highlight BBB damage by MRI | Mouse in a stroke model | MRI | [123] |
| SPIONs | Labeled extracellular vesicles (EVs) from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) | Enhanced MRI contrast and improved delivery and recovery in ischemic stroke | IS model | MRI | [124] |
| SPIONs | MRI-visible nanomedicine is developed to co-deliver functional peptides and SPIONs into NSCs | Promotes survival and migration ability of neural stem cells (NSCs). Allows an in vivo tracking of transplanted NSCs with MR | Mouse in a stroke mode | MRI | [125] |
| VCAM-targeted lipid NPs | Lipid nanocarriers conjugated with antibodies for BBB targeting | 62% reduction in cerebral infarct volume with interleukin-10 mRNA | Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model | MRI | [126] |
| γ-Fe2O3 Magnetic NPs | PAMNs | Targeted vascular injury network delineation and pre-protection effect | Acute IS model | T2*-weighted imaging (T2* WI) and DWI | [120] |
| γ-Fe2O3 Magnetic NPs | Platelet membrane biomimetic nanocarrier | Rapid targeting and NO generation for vasodilation and reperfusion | Early IS model | Not specified | [127] |