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. 2025 Jan 20;15(1):64. doi: 10.3390/metabo15010064

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© 2025 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Comparison of plasma phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) levels among patients with MACEs and non-MACEs. (a) Scatter plot shows circulating PAGln concentration in patients with hypertension who experienced MACEs compared with non-MACEs in the discovery cohort. (b) Scatter plot shows circulating PAGln concentration in patients with hypertension who experienced MACEs compared with non-MACEs in the validation cohort. The filled red circles represent patients with MACEs and the filled black circles represent patients with non-MACEs. The central line represents the median, the rectangles give the interval between the first and third quartiles. p Values were calculated using Mann–Whitney U test.