Table 1.
Study characteristics: participants, types of sport, anthropometric characteristics, instruments, and mean and maximum impact force in newton (N) units of measurement.
| Reference | Study Design | Participants | Type of Sport | Anthropometric Characteristics | Instruments | Main Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adamec et al., 2021 [32] | Cross-sectional | N = 50 (men = 29; women = 21); Age: 34 years; BH: 174 cm; BM: 76 kg. |
Karate. | BH, BM. | Force platform with cushioned target (DIRA). | Fmax—Straight punch (4639 N). |
| Buśko et al., 2016 [33] | Cross-sectional | N = 13 men; Age: 17.5 years; BH: 175.5 cm; BM: 69 kg. |
Boxing. | BH, BM. | Boxing bag with load cell and an inserted gyroscope transducer (DIRA). | Fmean—Cross (1592.5 ± 507.1 N). |
| Chadli et al., 2014 [34] | Cross-sectional | N = 11 (unknown gender); Age: 23.5 ± 0.5 years; BH: 179 ± 9 cm; BM: 77.39 ± 11 kg. |
Boxing. | BH, BM. | Target with an accelerometer and load cell inserted (DIRA). | Fmean—Punch (989 ± 116.76 N). |
| Dunn et al., 2019 [35] | Cross-sectional | N = 15 men; Age: 17.5 ± 0.5 years; BH: 177.5 ± 9 cm; BM: 73 ± 14 kg. |
Boxing. | BH, BM. | Load cell inserted in the wall bag, with transducer and respective software (DIRA). | Fmean—Jabs (841 ± 180 N); Cross (1818 ± 332 N); Hooks (2622 ± 288 N). |
| Dunn et al., 2022 [36] | Cross-sectional | N = 28 men; Age: 19 ± 2 years; BH: 177 ± 7.3 cm; BM: 70.5 ± 11 kg. |
Boxing. | BH, BM. | Load cell inserted in the wall bag, with transducer and respective software (DIRA). | Fmean—Jab (823 ± 271 N); Cross (1830 ± 387 N); Lead-hand hook (2491 ± 492 N); Rear-hand hook (2742 ± 571 N). |
| Dyson et al., 2005 [37] | Cross-sectional | N = 6 men; Age: 24.5 ± 3.3 years; BH: 182 ± 5 cm; BM: 73.3 ± 19 kg. |
Boxing. | BH, BM. | Load cell inserted in the boxing bag, with transducer and respective software (DIRA). | Fmean—Cross (4236 ± 181 N); Jab (2722 ± 75 N). |
| Finlay, 2022 [38] | Experimental | N = 10 men; Age: 19.7 ± 1.2 years; BH: 180.9 ± 7.0 cm; BM: 78.7 ± 9.6 kg. |
Boxing. | BH, BM. | Force platform with cushioned target (DIRA). | Fmax—Rear-hand hook (2673 N); Lead-hand hook (2565 N); Cross (2538 N). |
| Kim et al., 2018 [8] | Quasi-experimental | N = 15 men; Age: 23.4 years; BH: 176.5 cm; BM: 67.7 kg. |
Boxing. | BH, BM. | Tri-axial accelerometers inserted in the dummy’s head (DIRA). | Fmax—Cross (2313 N). |
| Lee and McGill, 2017 [39] | Quasi-experimental | N = 12 men; Age: 24.2 ± 2.9 years; BH: 180 ± 5 cm; BM: 76.8 ± 9.7 kg. |
Muay Thai. | BH, BM. | Load cell inserted in the wall bag, with transducer and respective software (DIRA). | Fmean—Jab (3093.7 ± 69.4 N); Cross (5008.6 ± 76.3 N); Knee (9482 ± 152.8 N). |
| Loturco et al., 2016 [14] | Cross-sectional | N = 15 (men = 9; women = 6); Age: 25.9 ± 4.7 years; BH: 172 ± 10 cm; BM: 64.56 ± 12.1 kg. |
Boxing. | BH, BM. | Force platform with cushioned target (DIRA). | Fmean—Jab/men (1152.22 ± 246.87 N); Cross/men (1331.67 ± 234.49 N); Jab/women (902.50 ± 213.49 N); Cross/women (994.17 ± 221.14 N). |
| Neto et al., 2009 [40] | Cross-sectional | N = 12 (men = 10; women = 2); Age: 23.4 years; BH: 174.7 ± 4 cm; BM: 70.9 ± 12 kg. |
Kung Fu. | BH, BM. | Load cell inserted in the target, with transducer and respective software (DIRA). | Fmax—Punch (1226 N). |
| Smith et al., 2000 [41] | Cross-sectional | N = 23 men; Age: 23.1 ± 1.2 years; BH: 178 ± 6 cm; BM: 69.9 ± 8.6 kg. |
Boxing. | BH, BM. | Target with a load cell specific to boxing and force transducer (DIRA). | Fmean—Cross: elite (4800 ± 227 N), intermediate (3722 ± 133 N), beginner (2381 ± 116 N). |
| Smith, 2006 [9] | Cross-sectional | N = 29 (unknown gender); Age: 21 ± 2 years; BH: 174 ± 8 cm; BM: 67 ± 10 kg. |
Boxing. | BH, BM. | Target with a load cell specific to boxing and force transducer (DIRA). | Fmean—Jab to the face (1722 ± 700 N), to the body (1682 ± 636 N); Cross to the face (2643 ± 1273 N), to the body (2646 ± 1083 N); Lead-hand hook to the face (2412 ± 813 N), to the body (2414 ± 718 N); Rear-hand hook to the face (2588 ± 1040 N), to the body (2555 ± 926 N). |
| V. A. de Souza and Marques, 2017 [42] | Cross-sectional | N = 8 men; Age: 20.25 ± 4.13 years; BH: 174 ± 4 cm; BM: 72.4 ± 9.6 kg. |
Karate. | BH, BM. | Target on a board with a lateral load cell, transducer, and respective software (DIRA). | Fmax—Straight punch (1812.01 N). |
| V. de Souza and Marques, 2017 [43] | Cross-sectional | N = 8 men; Age: 47.5 ± 10.13 years; BH: 176 ± 3 cm; BM: 86.8 ± 17 kg. |
Karate. | BH, BM. | Target on a board with a lateral load cell, transducer, and respective software (DIRA). | Fmean—Straight punch (2260.79 ± 538.44 N). |
| Walilko et al., 2005 [24] | Cross-sectional | N = 7 (unknown gender); BM: 48–109 kg. |
Boxing. | BM. | Accelerometer inserted in the dummy’s head and the participants’ gloves (DIRA and AL). | Fmax—Straight punch (4741 N). BM categories: Flyweight (3914 N); Light welterweight (3621 N); Middleweight (3072 N); Super heavyweight (4741 N). |
DIRA = Direct inertia-relevant assessment; AL = Assessment on the athlete’s limb; BH: Body height; BM: Body mass; Jab = Straight punch with the lead hand; Cross = Straight punch with the rear hand; Fmax = Maximum punch force; Fmean = Mean punch force.