Table 2.

Multiple cytokines affect macrophage recruitment, proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and axon regeneration.

Protein and Gene	Signaling pathways	functional role
Collagen VI	AKT and PKA pathways	Promotes macrophage migration and polarization (Chen et al., 2015b, Chen et al., 2015a, Chen et al., 2015c)
TSG-6	NF-κB/NLRP3 axis	Regulates the polarization of macrophages (C. Li et al., 2022)
let-7b (microRNA)	let-7b/TLR4/NF-κB/STAT3/AKT	Mediates macrophage polarization and inflammation resolution (Ti et al., 2015)
RhoA (Ras homolog family member)	RhoA/ROCK/MLCK pathway	Affects macrophage migration and phagocytic capability (Alawieh et al., 2021)
L-PGDS	Non-cell autonomous mechanisms	Regulates macrophage phagocytic activity and accumulation (Forese et al., 2020)
CCR2	ccl2-ccr2 signaling pathway	Recruitment and migration of macrophages (Siebert et al., 2000)
Saa1 and Saa3	IL-6-SAA-CCL2signaling pathway	Enhances macrophage infiltration (Jang et al., 2012)
P-selectin		Mediates macrophage infiltration (Liou et al., 2013)
SIRT6		Affects macrophage migration, phagocytosis, and polarization (Zou et al., 2021)
CD300f		Regulates macrophage aggregation and phenotypic changes (Peluffo et al., 2015)
TNFα、IL-6和IL-1β		Impacts macrophage recruitment and clearance of myelin debris (Huang et al., 2020)
IL-17B/IL-17RB		Mediates macrophage recruitment (Ehmedah et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2024)
VEGF		Secreted by macrophages and regulates neovascularization and axonal regeneration (Ydens et al., 2020)
Plexin-B2		Enables macrophages to avoid axonal growth cones (Li, Kang, et al., 2022)
MCT1		Influences macrophage metabolism, phenotype, and functionality (Jha et al., 2021)

TSG-6: TNF-stimulated gene 6; L-PGDS: prostaglandin D2 synthase; CCR2: C-C-type biochemical receptor 2; Saa1 and Saa3: serum amyloid A1 and A3; SIRT6: silent information regulator 6; CD300f: CD300 molecule-like family member f; IL-17B: interleukin-17B; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; MCT1: monocarboxylate transporter protein 1.