Table 2.

Lignocellulolytic microbes and their roles in straw recycling.

Sr. No.	Lignocellulose-degrading microbes	Origin of isolation/substrate	Enzymes	Activities	References
1	Clostridium hungatei	Decomposition of wood in the soil	Cellulases, nitrogenases, and xylanases	Digestion of cellulose or D-glucose and nitrogen fixation	[187]
2	Paenibacillus polymyxa	Degradation of corn roots	Cellulases, xylanases, lignin laccases, peroxidases, and nitrogenase	Degradation of lignocellulose biomass	[188]
3	Lactobacillus plantarum	Wheat straw	Cellulases	Degradation of lignocellulose biomass	[189]
4	Pseudomonas fluorescens	Carbohydrate biomass/lignin biomass	Cellulases, xylanases, lignin laccases, and peroxidases	Degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose	[190]
5	Penicillium chrysogenum	Lignocellulose biomass	Cellulases and hemicellulases	Enhances glucan (37 %) and xylan (106 %) hydrolysis	[191]
6	Achromobacter xylosoxidans	Rice and corn bran, sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, and sawdust	β-glucosidases, endoglucanases, and endoxylanases	Higher cellulase activity (512.98 U/gds) on corn bran compared to other straws	[192]
7	Joostella marina, Pseudomonas putida, Flavobacterium beibuense	wheat straw	Ligninases	Degradation of lignocellulose under saline conditions	[193]
8	Bacillus paranthracis, Bacillus paramycoides Bacillus paranthracis, Neobacillus fumarioli	waste landfill	cellulase	Degradation of lignocellulose biomass	[194]
9	Aspergillus fumigatus	Rice straw	Endoglucanase, xylanase, and laccase	Degradation of lignocellulose	[195]
10	Cellvibrio japonicus	MOPS minimal media with phosphate and glucose	Mannobiohydrolase, α-galactosidase, and mannosidase	Degradation of galactomannan and hemicellulose	[196]
11	Microbial consortium (Sphingobacterium paramultivorum w15, Coniochaeta sp. 2T2.1, and Citrobacter freundii so4)	wheat straw	Arabinoxylanase	Degradation of hemicellulose	[197]