Table 1.

Effects of baseline TLR expression and invasion status on cytokine responsiveness (ΔIL-1β and ΔIL-10) in house sparrows.

dependent variable: ▲ IL-1β
fixed effects	estimate ± SE	t-value	p‐value	variance	s.d.
intercept	0.165 ± 0.343	0.481	0.631
TLR2	−0.091 ± 0.170	−0.531	0.595
status (non-native)	0.692 ± 0.534	1.296	0.195
TLR4	−0.085 ± 0.200	−0.424	0.671
status × TLR2	0.117 ± 0.243	0.481	0.631
status × TLR4	-0.735 ± 0.293	-2.504	0.012
country				0.079	0.282
marginal R2 = 0.21; conditional R2= 0.15

dependent variable: ▲ IL-10
fixed effects	estimate ± SE	t-value	p‐value	variance	s.d.
intercept	0.324 ± 0.348	0.929	0.353
TLR2	−0.297 ± 0.173	−1.712	0.087
status (non-native)	0.476 ± 0.542	0.878	0.380
TLR4	−0.033 ± 0.203	−0.161	0.872
status × TLR2	0.227 ± 0.247	0.920	0.358
status × TLR4	−0.623 ± 0.298	−2.089	0.037
country				0.081	0.285
marginal R2 = 0.19; conditional R2 = 0.13
Linear mixed model results exploring the impact of TLR-2 and TLR-4 (surveillance molecules) on cytokine responsiveness (ΔIL-1β and ΔIL-10), along with the interaction between these molecules and invasion status (native versus non-native). Notably, the model included country as a random fixed effect and variables with p values less than 0.05 are bolded in the table.