Table 2.

Effects of body condition index (BCI) on cytokine responsiveness (ΔIL-1β and ΔIL-10) in native and non-native house sparrows.

dependent variable: ▲ IL-1β
fixed effects	estimate ± s.e.	t-value	p‐value	variance	s.d.
intercept	−0.041 ± 0.244	−0.168	0.866
BCI	0.463 ± 0.168	2.749	0.006
status (non-native)	−0.099 ± 0.366	−0.272	0.786
BCI × status	−0.220 ± 0.243	−0.902	0.367
country				0.194	0.441
marginal R2 = 0.27; conditional R2 = 0.12

dependent variable: ▲ IL−10
fixed effects	estimate ± SE	t-value	p‐value	variance	s.d.
intercept	−0.173 ± 0.196	−0.881	0.378
BCI	0.482 ± 0.166	2.898	0.004
status (non-native)	0.048 ± 0.294	0.162	0.871
BCI × status	−0.346 ± 0.239	−1.446	0.148
country				0.084	0.290
marginal R2 = 0.17; conditional R2 = 0.11
Linear mixed model results exploring the impact of the body condition index (BCI) on cytokine responsiveness (ΔIL-1β and ΔIL-10), along with the interaction with invasion status (native versus non-native). Notably, the model included country as a random fixed effect and variables with p < 0.05 are bolded in the table.