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. 2025 Jan 15;12:1373883. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1373883

Table 3.

Multivariable GLM for parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in COVID-19 infection among children.

Demographic variables Overall Knowledge Attitudes Belief
β (95%CI) p-value β (95%CI) p-value β (95%CI) p-value β (95%CI) p-value
Gender
Female ref ref ref ref
Male 0.05(−0.021, 0.032) 0.685 0.015(−0.021, 0.051) 0.413 −0.64(−0.120, −0.008) 0.025* −0.047(−0.077, −0.017) 0.002*
Education
Literate ref ref ref ref
Illiterate −0.025(−0.55, 0.004) 0.093 −0.037(−0.077, 0.003) 0.073 0.006(−0.30, 0.041) 0.755 −0.003(−0.037, 0.031) 0.875
Habitation
Urban ref ref ref ref
Rural −0.137(−0.185, −0.091) <0.001* −0.168(−0.231, −0.106) <0.001* −0.064(−0.120, 0.044) 0.481 −0.069(−0.122, −0.016) 0.011*
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Upper ref ref ref ref
lower 0.001(−0.028, 0.031) 0.927 0.015(−0.030, 0.051) 0.611 −0.048(−0.083—0.021) 0.009* 0.007(−0.027, 0.040) 0.707
Age (years)
≤50 ref ref ref ref
>50 0.023(−0.037, 0.082) 0.455 0.037(−0.044, 0.118) 0.370 0.005(−0.067, 0.078) 0.888 −0.027(−0.096, 0.041) 0.433

β (95% Wald CI) was derived from a GLM (Gamma distribution with log link function); p < 0.01, high significant difference; p < 0.001, extremely significant difference; Ref, Reference.