Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristic | SiS3a (n=80) | QuitGuide (n=75) | Clearing the Air (n=71) | Total (N=226) | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
|
|
Age (y), mean (SD) | 41.3 (11.1) | 41.6 (13.1) | 40.0 (12.5) | 41.0 (12.2) | |
|
|
Gender, n (%) | |||||
|
|
|
Men | 28 (35) | 37 (49.3) | 30 (42.3) | 95 (42) |
|
|
|
Women | 51 (63.7) | 36 (48) | 41 (57.7) | 128 (56.6) |
|
|
|
Nonbinary | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.3) |
|
|
Race, n (%) | |||||
|
|
|
American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (0.4) |
|
|
|
Asian or Pacific Islander | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) | 4 (5.6) | 6 (2.7) |
|
|
|
Black | 23 (28.7) | 19 (25.3) | 13 (18.3) | 55 (24.3) |
|
|
|
White | 50 (62.5) | 46 (61.3) | 48 (67.6) | 144 (63.7) |
|
|
|
Other or unknown | 2 (2.5) | 3 (4) | 1 (1.4) | 6 (2.7) |
|
|
|
More than one race | 4 (5) | 6 (8) | 4 (5.6) | 14 (6.2) |
|
|
Hispanic, n (%) | 15 (18.7) | 16 (21.3) | 6 (8.5) | 37 (16.4) | |
|
|
Education, n (%) | |||||
|
|
|
High school or less | 7 (8.7) | 12 (16) | 5 (7) | 34 (15) |
|
|
|
Some college | 31 (38.7) | 38 (50.7) | 25 (35.2) | 94 (41.6) |
|
|
|
Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, or higher | 42 (52.5) | 25 (33.3) | 30 (42.3) | 97 (42.9) |
|
|
Employment, n (%) | |||||
|
|
|
Full-time | 29 (36.3) | 30 (40) | 27 (38) | 86 (38) |
|
|
|
Part-time | 14 (17.5) | 11 (14.7) | 18 (25.3) | 43 (19) |
|
|
|
Unemployed | 32 (40) | 33 (44) | 23 (32.4) | 88 (38.9) |
|
|
Household income (US $), n (%) | |||||
|
|
|
≤39,999 | 41 (51.3) | 42 (56) | 30 (42.3) | 113 (50) |
|
|
|
40,000-69,999 | 18 (22.5) | 18 (24) | 22 (31) | 58 (25.7) |
|
|
|
70,000-99,999 | 16 (20) | 8 (10.7) | 10 (14.1) | 34 (15) |
|
|
|
≥100,000 | 4 (5) | 7 (9.3) | 8 (11.3) | 19 (8.4) |
|
|
Geographic location, n (%) | |||||
|
|
|
Urban | 39 (48.7) | 34 (45.3) | 27 (38) | 100 (44.2) |
|
|
|
Suburban | 29 (36.3) | 24 (32) | 35 (49.3) | 88 (38.9) |
|
|
|
Rural | 12 (15) | 17 (22.7) | 9 (12.7) | 38 (16.8) |
| Smoking characteristics | ||||||
|
|
Number of days smoked in past 30 days, mean (SD) | 15.3 (5.4) | 14.7 (4.8) | 14.6 (4.5) | 14.9 (4.9) | |
|
|
Number of cigarettes smoked per smoking day, mean (SD) | 3.5 (2.9) | 3.0 (2.2) | 3.8 (3.0) | 3.4 (2.7) | |
|
|
Cigarette dependence (FTCDb), mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.9) | 1.6 (1.8) | 1.7 (1.6) | 1.7 (1.8) | |
|
|
Ever smoked daily? (yes), n (%) | 54 (67.5) | 53 (70.7) | 44 (62) | 151 (66.8) | |
|
|
Ever quit before? (yes), n (%) | 49 (61.3) | 56 (74.7) | 52 (73.2) | 157 (69.5) | |
|
|
Ever used E-cigarette? (yes), n (%) | 46 (57.5) | 41 (54.7) | 46 (64.8) | 133 (58.8) | |
|
|
Currently using E-cigarette? (yes), n (%) | 14 (17.5) | 10 (13.3) | 9 (12.7) | 33 (14.6) | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
|
|
Depressive symptoms (CES-D-10c) (at risk), n (%) | 30 (37.5) | 37 (49.3) | 41 (57.7) | 108 (47.8) | |
|
|
Moderate to severe anxiety (GAD-7d) (yes), n (%) | 19 (23.7) | 21 (28) | 19 (26.8) | 59 (26.1) | |
|
|
Anhedonia (SHAPSe) (yes), n (%) | 11 (13.7) | 18 (24) | 17 (23.9) | 46 (20.3) | |
|
|
Ever diagnosed mental health condition (yes), n (%) | 24 (30) | 23 (30.7) | 22 (31) | 69 (30.5) | |
|
|
Alcohol use, past 30 days (yes), n (%) | |||||
|
|
|
Any alcohol use | 45 (56.3) | 37 (49.3) | 40 (56.3) | 122 (54) |
|
|
|
Exceeded drinking guidelines | 23 (28.7) | 18 (24) | 19 (26.8) | 60 (26.5) |
|
|
|
Any binge drinking episode | 25 (31.3) | 15 (20) | 18 (25.3) | 58 (25.7) |
aSiS3: version 3 of the Smiling instead of Smoking app.
bFTCD: Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (range: 0-10, where higher scores indicate greater nicotine dependence).
cCES-D-10: Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 10-item version (yes=total score of ≥10, indicating risk of depression).
dGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (yes=total score of ≥10, indicating moderate or more severe anxiety).
eSHAPS: Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (yes=total score >2, indicating mild or more severe anhedonia, an inability to feel pleasure).