Table 4. Outcomes at baseline and post intervention for both groups.
| Outcome | Intervention group (n=16) | Control group (n=8) | Group difference post intervention | |||||
| Baseline | Post intervention* | Mean change | Baseline | Post intervention† | Mean change | |||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Adj. mean difference(95% CI) | P value | |
| ARAT (0–57) | 29.5 (21.1) | 38.2 (20.1) | 8.9 (2.4, 15.4) | 36.1 (22.7) | 43.8 (24.2) | 5.6 (−2.7, 13.9) | −1.8 (−12.6, 9.0) | 0.748 |
| FMA-UE (0–66) | 36.1 (18.1) | 44.4 (16.7) | 8.3 (4.3, 12.3) | 41.5 (18.6) | 49.8 (17.4) | 8.6 (2.0, 15.2) | 1.3 (−4.9, 7.4) | 0.697 |
| smRSQ (1–5) | 3.5 (1.0) | 2.8 (0.9) | −0.7 (1.2, 0.2) | 3.5 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.5) | −0.6 (−1.7, 0.5) | 0.0 (−0.8, 0.9) | 0.941 |
| SIPSO (total score; 0–40) | 14.0 (6.9) | 21.2 (8.2) | 7.3 (4.5, 10.1) | 13.0 (5.0) | 21.8 (11.4) | 8.8 (−2.2, 15.5) | 1.6 (−3.8, 7.0) | 0.570 |
| MAL (0–5) | 1.2 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.5) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.5) | 1.6 (1.2) | 2.8 (2.1) | 1.1 (0.1, 2.2) | 0.1 (−0.8, 1.0) | 0.843 |
| EQ-5D-5L; utility score | 0.22 (0.36) | 0.47 (0.37) | 0.28 (0.15, 0.40) | 0.20 (0.24) | 0.27 (0.40) | 0.10 (−0.07, 0.27) | −0.18 (−0.40, 0.03) | 0.120 |
| GAD-2 (0–6) | 2.4 (2.4) | 1.4 (2.2) | −0.9 (−1.8, 0.1) | 2.3 (2.3) | 2.0 (2.5) | −0.3 (−3.1, 2.6) | 0.6 (−1.1, 2.4) | 0.490 |
| PHQ-2 (0–6) | 2.2 (2.2) | 1.1 (2.1) | −1.1 (−1.9, 0.4) | 1.9 (2.1) | 0.9 (1.3) | −1.0 (−3.0, 1.0) | 0.0 (−1.3, 1.2) | 0.980 |
| SEHEPS | 32.3 (17.7) | 28.3 (14.0) | −5.9 (−2.1, 13.9) | 30.1 (21.1) | 39.8 (11.8) | 6.6 (−28.2, 15.0) | 12.0 (−0.1, 24.1) | 0.070 |
| Shoulder flexion | 145.9 (37.0) | 144.0 (43.2) | −1.3 (−28.4, 25.7) | 145.0 (32.4) | 159.0 (34.7) | 16.0 (−40.0, 71.9) | 15.7 (−26.0, 57.4) | 0.471 |
| Shoulder external rotation | 52.5 (18.0) | 54.3 (26.9) | −0.7 (−15.8, 14.5) | 57.1 (18.7) | 63.0 (17.9) | 8.6 (−16.5, 33.7) | 8.3 (−16.6, 33.2) | 0.519 |
| Shoulder abduction | 121.6 (42.2) | 135.7 (45.7) | 12.0 (−12.9, 36.9) | 127.5 (45.6) | 140.0 (40.6) | 20.0 (−30.4, 70.4) | 6.2 (−33.6, 46.0) | 0.764 |
| Elbow flexion | 136.3 (11.9) | 133.9 (13.8) | −1.4 (−6.0, 3.2) | 143.8 (6.9) | 143.0 (8.4) | −1.0 (−10.2, 8.2) | 3.0 (−5.5, 11.5) | 0.498 |
| Elbow extension | −0.9 (6.9) | −1.33 (5.2) | −0.7 (−5.1, 3.8) | 0.0 (2.7) | 2.0 (4.5) | 2.0 (−7.4, 11.4) | 3.3 (−1.9, 8.5) | 0.232 |
| Wrist extension | 65.3 (18.8) | 63.0 (17.4) | −2.3 (−10.0, 5.4) | 74.4 (14.3) | 76.0 (26.8) | 2.0 (−23.1, 27.1) | 6.8 (−8.8, 22.3) | 0.405 |
All post-test group comparisons were corrected/adjusted for baseline score.
Range of motion test results concerned passive range of movement, in degrees.
*
1One missing case, except for GAD-2 and PHQ.
†
3Three missing cases, except for GAD-2 and PHQ for which data was available for the entire sample.
ARAT, Action Research Arm Test; EQ-5D-5L, EuroQol 5 Dimensions 5 Levels; FMA-UE, Fugl-Meyer Assessment—Upper Extremity; GAD-2, Generalised Anxiety Disorder (two-item version); MAL, Motor Activity Log; PHQ-2, Patient Health Questionnaire (two-item version); SEHEPS, Self-Efficacy for Home Exercise Programme Scale; SIPSO, Subjective Index of Physical and Social Outcome; smRSQ, Simplified Modified Rankin Scale Questionnaire