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. 2025 Jan 31;17:41. doi: 10.1186/s13098-025-01587-x

Table 5.

Worsening of Glycemic Control indicators

Overall (n = 151) Non-DM (n = 68) DM (n = 83) P value
Hba1c at baseline, mean (SD) 7.41 (± 2.09) 5.68 (± 0.46) 8.83 (± 1.81)  < 0.001**
Hba1c at follow-up, mean (SD) 7.40 (± 2.15) 5.72 (± 0.48) 8.77 (± 2.01)  < 0.001**
Average change in Hba1c, mean (SD) 0.01 (± 1.29) −0.04 (± 0.32) 0.06 (± 1.72) 0.585**
Worsening of glycemic control (change in Hba1c by more than 0.5), n (%) 36 (23.8) 10 (14.7) 26 (31.3) 0.017
Onset from baseline in months, Mean (SD) 11.76 (± 6.66) 13.07 (± 7.18) 11.26 (± 6.53) 0.473**
New onset of diabetes, n (%) 5 (3.3) 5 (7.35) 0 (0.06)
Onset from baseline in months, mean (SD) 15.73 (± 9.78) 15.6 (± 10.57)
Insulin use at baseline, n (%) 50 (33.1) 0 (0.0) 50 (60.2)  < 0.001
Insulin initiated during follow-up, n (%) 6 (4.0) 0 (0.0) 6 (7.2) 0.033 *
Number of diabetes medications used at baseline, mean (SD) 1.23 (± 1.24) 0.13 (± 0.38) 2.12 (± 0.94)  < 0.001**
Number of diabetes medications used by end of follow-up, mean (SD) 1.51 (± 1.39) 0.31 (± 0.55) 2.49 (± 1.06)  < 0.001**

DM: diabetes mellitus; NDM: none diabetes mellitus

*Fisher’s Exact

**Student -t test, all others were Chi-square test