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. 2024 Dec 24;10:e2517. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.2517

Table 8. Hybrid method for SARS-CoV-2 analysis.

Author Data type Method Data size C V T and V size Result Key contribution and findings Research gaps
Sejuti & Islam (2023) CTs image CNN–KNN 4,085 2 5K-CV T 80%: V 20% AC: 98.26%, P: 99.42%, R: 97.2%, F1: 98.19% Uses less paprameters of CNN and KNN that detects SARS-CoV-2 with good generability and less ovierfitting problem. Performance is bound to small dataset
Basha et al. (2023) CTs image Hybrid with neurosymbolic 1,885 2 CV T 80%: V 20% AC: 98.7%, S: 99.8%, SP: 96.4% F1: 99.05% Two experiments investigate automated SARS-CoV-2 detection using NRCS and genetic-based methods, using neurotrophic logic. Time complexity should be reduced
Pustokhin et al. (2023) X-ray image Attention BiLSTM 646 5 CV T 80%: V 20% S: 93.28%, SP: 94.61%, P: 94.90%, AC: 94.88%, F1: 93.10% RCAL-BiLSTM model uses bilateral filtering, feature extraction, and softmax classification for image classification. Real time implementation should be developed
Deepak et al. (2023) X-ray image Quantum neural network with RFNN 3,871 4 CV T 80%: V 20% AC: 99.25% Hybrid median bilateral filter, SC-ResNet 50 segmentation, robust feature neural network extraction, DSFSAM, HWOA, and deep-QNN classify X-rays into multiple disease classes, reducing noise and enhancing infected regions. Study should explore optimization techniques for system loss reduction.
Hu et al. (2022) X ray Attention ResrNet 4,449 3 CV T 80%: V 20% SN: 90.2% Attention fusion feature for automatic SARS-CoV-2 from CT images Result is biased to image segmentation
Ismael & Şengür (2021) X-ray CNN, SVM 380 2 CV T 80%: V 20% AC: 94.7% Use SVM and CNN detect SARS-CoV-2 fastly Weak performance limited data
Zhang et al. (2021) X-ray Attention GAN 100 2 CV T 80%: V 20% S: 69.85% P: 94.6% Hybrid model that performs good with some prepossessing Small data
Wang et al. (2021b) CT Scan FGCN 320 2 CV T 80%: V 20% AC:97.71% Handles feature context efficiently It is not adaptable enough
Islam et al. (2020) X ray CNN-LSTM 40,000 3 CV T 80%: V 20% AC: 99.4% S: 99.2% F1: 98.9% Hybrid but nicely handle features and classify it Need to be adaptable to analyse multi class data
Shah et al. (2021) X-ray CNN-BiGRU 424 3 CV T 80%: V 20% AC: 96.00%, P: 96.00%, R: 96%, F1: 95% Relatively successful as a hybrid model in SARS-CoV-2 detection Data augmentation problem