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. 2025 Jan 31;22(1):e1004516. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004516

Table 1. Study population characteristics in 34 low- and middle-income African countries during 1992–2019 by baseline characteristics (total N = 850,924).

Missing (%)

Infant mortality

(N [%])

Infant mortality rate

(per 1,000 live births)

Case Non-case Unweighted Weighted
Total 50,377 800,547 59.2 59.2
Child’s sex 0
 Male 27,802 (55.2) 403,017 (50.3) 64.5 64.7
 Female 22,575 (44.8) 397,530 (49.7) 53.7 53.7
Mother’s education 0
 No education 25,973 (51.6) 370,310 (46.3) 65.5 65.2
 Primary 16,422 (32.6) 266,580 (33.3) 58.0 58.3
 Secondary 7,310 (14.5) 145,469 (18.2) 47.8 47.7
 Higher 671 (1.3) 18,133 (2.3) 35.7 41.0
Residence 0
 Urban 11,563 (23.0) 216,519 (27.0) 50.7 48.4
 Rural 38,814 (77.0) 584,028 (73.0) 62.3 63.2
Wealth quintile 11.1
 Lowest 11,093 (25.3) 153,525 (21.5) 67.4 67.3
 Second 9,529 (21.8) 135,105 (19.0) 65.9 66.7
 Middle 8,534 (19.5) 140,712 (19.7) 57.2 57.2
 Fourth 8,287 (18.9) 143,021 (20.1) 54.8 52.9
 Highest 6,368 (14.5) 140,505 (19.7) 43.4 44.5
Year of birth 0
 1992–2005 20,615 (40.9) 253,104 (31.6) 75.3 76.6
 2006–2019 29,762 (59.1) 547,443 (68.4) 51.6 51.0
Climate zone 0
 Tropical 30,515 (60.6) 472,541 (59.0) 60.7 58.7
 Temperate 7,633 (15.2) 130,152 (16.3) 55.4 65.2
 Dry 12,229 (24.3) 197,854 (24.7) 58.2 56.5