Table 2.

Research and Knowledge Gaps for Almond Consumption and cardiometabolic effects.

Basis for the large heterogeneity in findings for cardiometabolic endpoints

The amount of almonds that can be consumed without weight gain

Basis for the lack of weight gain with almond consumption

Effective dose for reduction in LDL cholesterol levels

Basis for differences in glycemic response to almonds in Asian Indians compared to other populations.

Development of food frequency questionnaire that specifically measures almond consumption and the conduct of prospective cohort studies that evaluate the association between almond consumption and clinical endpoints such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Determination of the different types of dietary fibers in almonds and their role in cardiometabolic endpoints

Using the up-to-date methods to evaluate the independent effect of almonds on the microbiome

The role of almonds as part of recommended healthful diets and precision nutrition.