Fig. 4.

Clioquinol inhibits ERK phosphorylation while promoting AKT phosphorylation in ECs. a Western blots showing p-FAK, FAK, p-ERK, ERK, p-AKT, AKT, and β-actin expression in HUVECs after 4-hour treatment with 0, 2.5, 5, or 10 µM clioquinol. b-d Expression level (% of 0 µM) of p-FAK normalized to FAK (b), p-ERK normalized to ERK (c), and p-AKT normalized to AKT (d) in HUVECs treated as described in (a) (n = 3–4 independent experiments). e Western blots showing p-ERK, ERK, p-AKT, AKT, and β-actin expression in HUVECs that were treated with 0.1% DMSO (control) or 10 µM clioquinol for 4 h and then stimulated with 25 ng/mL VEGF for 7 min. f, g Expression level (% of control) of p-ERK normalized to ERK (f) and p-AKT normalized to AKT (g) in HUVECs treated as described in (e) (n = 4 independent experiments). Means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant. (b-d, f, g: one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test)