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. 2025 Jan 16;11(2):e41995. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41995

Table 6.

Results of the ARDL bound test.

Estimation model k F-Statistics (Value) Level of significance Critical bound
F-statistics
Lower Upper
Asymptotic: n = 1000
F-statistic 6 14.564 10 % 1.98 2.95
5 % 2.27 3.28
2.5 % 2.55 3.61
1 % 2.88 3.99
Actual Sample Size (192) Finite Sample: n = 80
10 % 2.088 3.103
5 % 2.431 3.518
1 % 3.173 4.485

Null Hypothesis: No levels of relationship.