Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study, country, design | Age (years) | Sample size (n) | Exercise intervention | CARTS outcome | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | Control | Exercise | Control | Frequency (days per week) | Intensity | Time, duration | Type | Supervision (yes/no) | ||
|
Sacre et al., 2014 [35] (Australia) Non-RCT |
59 ± 10 | 60 ± 9 | 29 | 25 | 2 | Moderate to vigorous (based on RPE and HR monitors) | 20 to 40 min, for 12 weeks | Aerobic + resistance | Yes |
-E:I ratio, Valsalva ratio, 30:15 ratio -Cessation of anti-hypertensive medication (24 h), smoking, caffeine, alcohol (12 h), and heavy exercise (24 h) -A quiet temperate room with 15-min supine -As per standard protocol |
|
Bonhof et al., 2022 [38] (Germany) Non- RCT |
56 (53, 63)a | 57 (53, 60)a | 20 | 23 | 3 | 90% of HRmaxand 70% of HRmax | 35 min, for 12 weeks | HIIT | Yes |
-E:I ratio, Valsalva ratio, 30:15 ratio -As per standard protocol |
|
Bhati et al., 2023 [39] (India) Parallel arm, single blinded RCT |
52.8 ± 6.8 | 54.0 ± 8.18 | 28 | 28 | 3 | Moderate. 65 to 75% of 1RM | 60 min, for 12 weeks | Progressive resistance | Yes |
-E:I ratio, Valsalva ratio, ∆HR deep breathing, ∆DBP, 30:15 ratio, ∆SBP (orthostatic test) -ANS modifying medications ceased. 9 am to 12 pm -As per standard protocol |
CARTsCardiac autonomic reflex test, RCTRandomized controlled trial, RPERating of Perceived Exertion Scale, HRHeart rate, HRmaxMaximum heart rate, 1RM1 repetition maximum, HIITHigh-intensity interval training, E:IExpiration to inspiration ratio, DBPDiastolic blood pressure, SBPSystolic blood pressure
aMedian (interquartile range)