Table 2.

Hayes’ Model analysis results of optimism mediating the mediating role of upward social comparison between parents’ social comparison and self-esteem.

Equation		Overall fit index			Model coefficient significance
Outcome variable	Predictor variable	R	R2	F	β	95% CI lower	95% CI upper	t
Upward social comparison	Gender	0.489	0.238	59.66***	0.069	−0.003	0.1404	1.873
	Grade				0.088	0.015	0.159	2.379
	Parents’ social comparison				0.469	0.397	0.541	12.802***
	PSC × OP				0.007	−0.052	0.066	0.234
Self-esteem	Gender	0.678	0.459	80.456***	0.037	−0.025	0.098	1.175
	Grade				0.036	−0.026	0.097	1.137
	Parents’ social comparison				−0.081	−0.155	−0.007	−2.147*
	Upward social comparison				−0.151	−0.222	−0.08	−4.175***
	Optimism				0.58	0.511	0.649	16.648***
	PSC × OP				0.029	−0.032	0.089	0.928
	USC × OP				−0.045	−0.102	0.012	−1.5443*

PS: PSC, parents’ social comparison; OP, optimism; USC, upward social comparison. Each variable in the model is standardized and then brought into the equation, the same as below.