. 2025 Jan 22;7:1510803. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1510803

Table 2.

Performance and asymmetries in upper and lower extremity reaching tests (mean ± standard deviation).

		Age 7–9 years	Age 10–12 years	Age 13–17 years	Age >18 years	p-values of ANOVAs
		Age 7–9 years	Age 10–12 years	Age 13–17 years	Age >18 years	Sex	Age	Interaction
Preferred leg reaching distance (leg length ratio)	Male	0.77 ± 0.10 A	0.78 ± 0.08 A	0.76 ± 0.11 AB	0.74 ± 0.09 B	0.886	0.033	0.497
Preferred leg reaching distance (leg length ratio)	Female	0.81 ± 0.12 A	0.79 ± 0.06 A	0.75 ± 0.06 AB	0.72 ± 0.06 B	0.886	0.033	0.497
Non-preferred leg reaching distance (leg length ratio)	Male	0.79 ± 0.09 A	0.79 ± 0.09 A	0.77 ± 0.11 AB	0.76 ± 0.10 B	0.403	0.012	0.360
Non-preferred leg reaching distance (leg length ratio)	Female	0.81 ± 0.09 A	0.79 ± 0.06 A	0.75 ± 0.07 AB	0.71 ± 0.04 B	0.403	0.012	0.360
Asymmetry of Lower leg reaching (%)	Male	−0.03 ± 0.05	−0.01 ± 0.06	−0.02 ± 0.06	−0.02 ± 0.06	0.090	0.797	0.821
Asymmetry of Lower leg reaching (%)	Female	−0.01 ± 0.08	−0.01 ± 0.06	0.01 ± 0.04	0.00 ± 0.05	0.090	0.797	0.821
Preferred arm reaching distance (arm length ratio)	Male	0.94 ± 0.12^a	0.99 ± 0.08^a	0.98 ± 0.12^a	1.01 ± 0.11^a	0.030	0.660	0.348
Preferred arm reaching distance (arm length ratio)	Female	0.95 ± 0.07^a	0.96 ± 0.10^a	0.92 ± 0.08^a	0.94 ± 0.10^a	0.030	0.660	0.348
Non- preferred arm reaching distance (arm length ratio)	Male	0.96 ± 0.12	0.99 ± 0.07	0.98 ± 0.12	1.01 ± 0.09	0.051	0.577	0.693
Non- preferred arm reaching distance (arm length ratio)	Female	0.96 ± 0.08	0.97 ± 0.09	0.94 ± 0.06	0.96 ± 0.09	0.051	0.577	0.693
Asymmetry of arm reaching (%)	Male	−0.02 ± 0.09	0.00 ± 0.06	0.00 ± 0.06	0.00 ± 0.06	0.591	0.953	0.664
Asymmetry of arm reaching (%)	Female	0.00 ± 0.08	−0.01 ± 0.06	−0.02 ± 0.09	−0.03 ± 0.05	0.591	0.953	0.664

^{^a}

Statistics significantly different between males and females. A, B, C, and D: significantly different among the groups. A is the greatest, B is the second greatest, C is the third greatest, and D is the least.