. 2025 Jan 22;7:1510803. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1510803

Table 3.

Performance and asymmetries in countermovement jump with arm swing, landing, and push-up.

		Age 7–9 years	Age 10−12 years	Age 13–17 years	Age >18 years	p-values of ANOVAs
		Age 7–9 years	Age 10−12 years	Age 13–17 years	Age >18 years	Sex	Age	Interaction
Jump displacement (cm)	Male	19.2 ± 3.5 D	24.0 ± 5.1 C^a	30.5 ± 5.2 B^a	38.8 ± 6.0 A^a	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Jump displacement (cm)	Female	19.5 ± 3.0 C	21.5 ± 3.1 B^a	25.1 ± 6.4 A^a	27.7 ± 3.6 A^a	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Peak jumping force from preferred leg (body weight)	Male	1.21 ± 0.14	1.23 ± 0.15	1.21 ± 0.14	1.23 ± 0.20	0.166	0.707	0.289
Peak jumping force from preferred leg (body weight)	Female	1.30 ± 0.21	1.22 ± 0.12	1.29 ± 0.22	1.21 ± 0.14	0.166	0.707	0.289
Peak jumping force from non-preferred leg (body weight)	Male	1.16 ± 0.14^a	1.21 ± 0.16^a	1.19 ± 0.14^a	1.23 ± 0.16^a	0.046	0.994	0.250
Peak jumping force from non-preferred leg (body weight)	Female	1.28 ± 0.18^a	1.23 ± 0.13^a	1.27 ± 0.22^a	1.21 ± 0.15^a	0.046	0.994	0.250
Asymmetry of peak jumping force (%)	Male	0.04 ± 0.10	0.01 ± 0.07	0.02 ± 0.06	0.00 ± 0.07	0.308	0.362	0.764
Asymmetry of peak jumping force (%)	Female	0.01 ± 0.09	−0.01 ± 0.07	0.02 ± 0.07	0.00 ± 0.04	0.308	0.362	0.764
Peak landing force from preferred leg (body weight)	Male	4.60 ± 1.46 A^a	3.70 ± 1.87 AB^a	2.87 ± 0.82 B^a	3.30 ± 0.50 B^a	0.004	<0.001	0.196
Peak landing force from preferred leg (body weight)	Female	3.62 ± 1.26 A^a	3.14 ± 1.41 AB^a	3.00 ± 1.05 B^a	2.25 ± 0.63 B^a	0.004	<0.001	0.196
Peak landing force from non-preferred leg (body weight)	Male	4.14 ± 1.90 A^a	3.78 ± 1.80 AB^a	2.71 ± 0.80 BC^a	3.00 ± 0.75 C^a	0.007	0.002	0.104
Peak landing force from non-preferred leg (body weight)	Female	3.29 ± 1.28 A^a	2.89 ± 1.17 AB^a	3.03 ± 1.17 BC^a	2.11 ± 0.60 C^a	0.007	0.002	0.104
Asymmetry of Peak landing force (%)	Male	0.11 ± 0.26	−0.03 ± 0.18	0.05 ± 0.14	0.08 ± 0.24	0.857	0.182	0.258
Asymmetry of Peak landing force (%)	Female	0.08 ± 0.17	0.06 ± 0.20	0.00 ± 0.25	0.05 ± 0.20	0.857	0.182	0.258
Peak pushing force from preferred arm (body weight)	Male	0.47 ± 0.04 CD	0.48 ± 0.05 C	0.57 ± 0.08 AB^a	0.61 ± 0.08 A^a	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Peak pushing force from preferred arm (body weight)	Female	0.49 ± 0.06 AB	0.46 ± 0.05 B	0.49 ± 0.07 AB^a	0.50 ± 0.07 A^a	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Peak pushing force from non-preferred arm (body weight)	Male	0.46 ± 0.04 CD	0.47 ± 0.05 C	0.56 ± 0.09 AB^a	0.62 ± 0.09 A^a	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Peak pushing force from non-preferred arm (body weight)	Female	0.48 ± 0.08 AB	0.46 ± 0.06 B	0.47 ± 0.04 AB^a	0.51 ± 0.08 A^a	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Asymmetry of peak pushing (%)	Male	0.02 ± 0.09	0.02 ± 0.09	0.02 ± 0.06	0.00 ± 0.06	0.814	0.431	0.951
Asymmetry of peak pushing (%)	Female	0.02 ± 0.08	0.01 ± 0.09	0.03 ± 0.05	−0.01 ± 0.04	0.814	0.431	0.951

^{^a}

Statistics significantly different between males and females. A, B, C, and D: significantly different among the groups. A is the greatest, B is the second greatest, C is the third greatest, and D is the least.