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. 2025 Feb 4;15:4278. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-87612-5

Table 3.

Average memory performance and element symbol knowledge across experimental groups.

Expertise Condition Accuracy Hit rate False alarm rate Symbol knowledge
M SD M SD M SD M SD
Non-experts Letters .45 .25 .72 .16 .28 .16 .58 .20
Words .58 .24 .83 .13 .25 .18 .63 .20
Symbols .48 .25 .80 .15 .32 .16 .71 .17
Overall .54 .24 .80 .14 .26 .17 .82 .11
Experts Letters .41 .24 .72 .15 .31 .18 .79 .10
Words .60 .22 .83 .12 .24 .17 .81 .13
Symbols .60 .21 .84 .12 .24 .15 .87 .10
Overall .50 .25 .78 .15 .28 .17 .64 .20