Table 3.
Profiles of cognitive performances of depressed adolescents and healthy controls
| Cognitive domains | Cognitive tests | Cognitive measures | Adolescents with MDD (N = 79) | Healthy controls (N = 71) | t | η2 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memory | Nback test | Nback (1back), ACC | 0.73 (0.21) | 0.88 (0.13) | −5.14 | 0.15 | <0.001* |
| Nback (2back), ACC | 0.61 (0.19) | 0.79 (0.14) | −6.22 | 0.21 | <0.001* | ||
| 4 mountain test | Spatial memory (direction), ACC | 0.71 (0.13) | 0.76 (0.11) | −2.70 | 0.05 | 0.008** | |
| Spatial memory (position), ACC | 0.73 (0.16) | 0.84 (0.11) | −4.77 | 0.13 | <0.001* | ||
| Spatial memory (arrangement), ACC | 0.68 (0.17) | 0.83 (0.12) | −6.25 | 0.21 | <0.001* | ||
| Digit span test | Digit span memory, length | 14.20 (2.26) | 14.77 (1.68) | −1.74 | 0.02 | 0.083 | |
| Emotion recognition | Facial emotion recognition task | Emotion recognition (sadness), RT | 3.30 (0.73) | 2.85 (0.60) | 4.03 | 0.10 | <0.001* |
| Emotion recognition (happiness), RT | 3.28 (0.78) | 2.71 (0.66) | 4.79 | 0.13 | <0.001* | ||
| Attention | Dot probe task | Attentive selection (S-H), RT | 0.54 (0.17) | 0.48 (0.15) | 2.21 | 0.03 | 0.029* |
| Attentive selection (H-S), RT | 0.50 (0.15) | 0.49 (0.19) | 0.25 | <0.01 | 0.801 | ||
| Attentive selection (S-N), RT | 0.52 (0.14) | 0.47 (0.13) | 2.03 | 0.03 | 0.044* | ||
| Attentive selection (N-S), RT | 0.53 (0.15) | 0.47 (0.12) | 2.86 | 0.05 | 0.005* | ||
| Attentive selection (H-N), RT | 0.54 (0.17) | 0.47 (0.12) | 2.79 | 0.05 | 0.006* | ||
| Attentive selection (N-H), RT | 0.53 (0.16) | 0.48 (0.14) | 2.00 | 0.03 | 0.048* | ||
| Cognitive control | Go/No-Go task | Emotional Go/No-Go, ACC | 0.93 (0.05) | 0.96 (0.03) | −4.46 | 0.12 | <0.001* |
| Classic Go/No-Go, ACC | 0.97 (0.03) | 0.99 (0.01) | −3.78 | 0.09 | <0.001* | ||
| Flanker task | Flanker, RT | 0.08 (0.17) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.12 | < 0.01 | 0.906 | |
| Stroop task | Stroop, RT | 0.13 (0.14) | 0.12 (0.11) | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.363 | |
| Task switching | Task switching, RT | −0.08 (0.14) | −0.05 (0.18) | −1.12 | 0.01 | 0.266 |
Note: Cognitive performances were shown with mean ± SD values. p values with “*” indicated the significance with <0.05.
Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder; RT, reaction time (s); ACC, accuracy; S-H, sad (attractive emotion)-happy; H-S, happy (attractive emotion)-sad; S-N, sad (attractive emotion)-neutral; N-S, neutral (attractive emotion)-sad; H-N, happy (attractive emotion)-neutral; N-H, neutral (attractive emotion)-happy.