Table 2.
Evidence about anti-cancer effects of parasites in vitro and human population
| Parasites or their derivatives | Type of work | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trypanosoma cruzi lysates | In vitro | Inhibition of breast cancer growth | Sheklakova et al. (2003) |
| Trypanosoma cruzi surface molecule gp82 | In vitro | Induce cell death and apoptosis in melanoma cells | Atayde et al. (2008) |
| Toxoplasma lysate antigen (TLA) | In vitro | Inhibits the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells | Choo et al. (2005) |
| Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite | In vitro | Decreased cell proliferation and increased fibrosarcoma cell death | Shirzad et al. (2012) |
| In vitro | |||
| Rabbit anti-Toxoplasma antibodies | In vitro | React with mouse melanoma or breast cancer cells but not with normal mouse lymphocytes | Mohamadi et al. (2019) |
| A novel gene product of Trichinella spiralis | In vitro | Antisera against this product cross-reacted with SP2/0 Myeloma cells | Duan et al. (2013) |
| Trichinella spiralis crude antigens | In vitro | Apoptosis of cancer cells | Wang et al. (2009) |
| Protoscolices | In vitro | Induce Cell Death in WEHI-164 Fibrosarcoma Cells | Yousofi Darani et al. (2012) |
| Sera of patients with hydatid diseases | In vitro | Cytotoxic effects on NCI-H209/An1 cells (lung cancer) but not on fibroblast cells | Karadayi et al. (2013) |
| Anti-HCF antibodies | In vitro | Reacts with antigens on CT26 colon cancer cells | Berriel et al. (2013) |
| Mucin-like peptides from E. granulosus | In vitro | Activated natural killer (NK) cells increased in the spleens of immunized mice | Noya et al. (2013) |
| Hydatid cyst fluid | In vitro | Induction of apoptosis on breast cancer cells | Daneshpour et al. (2019) |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | Human population | Mean survival of patients with leukemia who were simultaneously infected with Strongyloides stercoralis was longer than the mean survival of the same patients without this parasitic infection | Plumelle et al. (1997) |
| Echinococcus granulosous (hydatid cyst) | Human population | The incidence of hydatid cysts in cancer patients was significantly lower than the incidence in a normal population | Akgül et al. (2003) |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Human population | The low titer of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in the normal population was significantly more frequent than in cancer patients | Sharafi et al. (2015) |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Human population | Anti-toxoplasma antibodies detected in sera of 8.3% of cancer patients and 12.3% of normal people | Wang et al. (2015) |
| Malaria | Human population | There is a negative correlation between malaria incidence and mortality of cancers | Qin et al. (2017) |