Table 1.
Biomedical research productivity in Europe and United States, 1994-2004
| Countries | Average population (millions) | Average GDP ($bn) | Average % of GDP for R&D | No of papers | No of citations | No of scientific fields covered | Papers per 1000 population | Papers per $bn | Papers per $bn for R&D | Citations per 1000 population | Citations per $bn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EU-15 | |||||||||||
| Austria | 8 | 255.8 | 1.8 | 34 367 | 371 988 | 9 | 4.3 | 134 | 747 | 46.5 | 1454 |
| Belgium | 10.2 | 300.6 | 1.9 | 46 218 | 596 719 | 9 | 4.5 | 154 | 809 | 58.4 | 1985 |
| Denmark | 5.3 | 197.3 | 2.0 | 37 297 | 497 486 | 9 | 7 | 189 | 944 | 93.7 | 2522 |
| Finland | 5.2 | 151.4 | 3.0 | 35 498 | 477 656 | 9 | 6.8 | 234 | 782 | 92.6 | 3156 |
| France | 5.6 | 1 687.40 | 2.2 | 197 103 | 2 311 762 | 9 | 3.4 | 117 | 531 | 39.5 | 1370 |
| Germany | 82.1* | 2590.00* | 2.4 | 273 235 | 3 201 982 | 9 | 3.3 | 105 | 439 | 39 | 1236 |
| Greece | 10.5 | 132.4 | 0.6 | 16 840 | 108 057 | 9 | 1.6 | 127 | 2132* | 10.3 | 816 |
| Ireland | 3.7 | 92.4 | 1.2 | 11 453 | 121 980 | 9 | 3.1 | 124 | 1031 | 32.5 | 1321 |
| Italy | 57.5 | 1166.70 | 1.0 | 142 179 | 1 536 621 | 9 | 2.5 | 122 | 1218 | 26.7 | 1317 |
| Luxemburg | 0.4 | 22.5 | Not available | 474 | 4588 | 7 | 1.1 | 21 | Not available | 10.7 | 204 |
| Netherlands | 15.8 | 467.2 | 2.0 | 95 152 | 1 250 423 | 9 | 6 | 204 | 1019 | 79.3 | 2677 |
| Portugal | 10.1 | 121.8 | 0.7 | 7732 | 64 647 | 9 | 0.8 | 63 | 909 | 6.4 | 531 |
| Spain | 40.1 | 662.4 | 0.9 | 80 899 | 688 465 | 9 | 2 | 122 | 1357 | 17.2 | 1039 |
| Sweden | 8.9 | 274 | 4.0 | 78 426 | 1 042 495 | 9 | 8.8* | 286* | 716 | 117.6* | 3806* |
| United Kingdom | 58.7 | 1.252.60 | 1.9 | 337 969* | 3 878 795* | 9 | 5.8 | 270 | 1420 | 79.5 | 3726 |
| EU-10 | |||||||||||
| Cyprus | 0.7 | 10 | 0.2 | 141 | 1739 | 4 | 0.2 | 14 | 705 | 2.3 | 174 |
| Czech Republic | 10.3 | 54.7 | 1.2 | 10 775 | 70 140 | 9 | 1 | 197 | 1632 | 6.8 | 1283 |
| Estonia | 1.4 | 4.9 | 0.6 | 1670 | 13 269 | 9 | 1.2 | 340* | 5566* | 9.6 | 2703* |
| Hungary | 10.1 | 51 | 0.7 | 12 289 | 100 213 | 9 | 1.2 | 241 | 3414 | 9.9* | 1966 |
| Latvia | 2.4 | 5.8 | 0.4 | 342 | 3187 | 7 | 0.1 | 59 | 1710 | 1.3 | 548 |
| Lithuania | 3.5 | 8.7 | 0.6 | 942 | 8060 | 8 | 0.3 | 108 | 1884 | 2.3 | 928 |
| Malta | 0.4 | 3.7 | Not available | 7 | 63 | 1 | 0 | 0.2 | Not available | 0.2 | 17 |
| Poland | 38.6* | 131.6* | 0.7 | 20 572* | 122 053* | 9 | 0.5 | 156 | 2236 | 3.2 | 928 |
| Slovakia | 5.4 | 22.2 | 0.8 | 5755 | 27 756 | 9 | 1.1 | 260 | 3197 | 5.2 | 1252 |
| Slovenia | 2 | 21.7 | 1.5 | 3365 | 19 691 | 8 | 1.7 | 155 | 1020 | 9.9* | 907 |
| EU-CCs | |||||||||||
| Bulgaria | 8.2 | 12.4 | 0.6 | 3531 | 14 861 | 8 | 0.4 | 285* | 5044* | 1.8 | 1199* |
| Croatia | 4.5 | 21.6 | 0.6 | 3794 | 18 107 | 9 | 0.8* | 175 | 2918 | 4* | 837 |
| Romania | 22.5 | 34.5 | 0.5 | 1325 | 8538 | 9 | 0.1 | 38 | 779 | 0.4 | 247 |
| Turkey | 65.7* | 192.2* | 0.5 | 26 399* | 197 240* | 9 | 0.4 | 137 | 2750 | 3 | 1026 |
| Totals | |||||||||||
| EU-15 | 375.1 | 9374.5 | 1.9 | 1 394 842 | 16 153 664 | 3.72 (0.8-8.8)† | 149 (21-286)† | 764 | 43.1 (6.4-117.6)† | 1723 (204-3806)† | |
| EU-10 | 74.8 | 314.3 | 0.82 | 55 858 | 366 171 | 0.75 (0.02-1.7)† | 178 (0.2-340)† | 2173 | 4.9 (0.2-9.9)† | 1165 (17-2703)† | |
| EU-CCs | 101.0 | 260.7 | 0.51 | 35 049 | 238 746 | 0.35 (0.1-0.8)† | 134 (38-285)† | 2635 | 2.4 (0.4-4.0)† | 916 (247-1199)† | |
| EU-25 | 450.0 | 9688.8 | 1.9 | 1 450 700 | 16 519 835 | 3.2 | 150 | 784 | 36.7 | 1705 | |
| EU-25 plus EC-CCs | 551.0 | 9949.5 | 1.9 | 1 485 749 | 16 758 581 | 2.7 | 149 | 797 | 30.4 | 1684 | |
| US | 278.4 | 8930.50 | 2.7 | 1 356 805 | 23 801 368 | 9 | 4.9 | 152 | 563 | 85.5 | 2665 |
GDP=gross domestic product.
EU-15=first 15 members of the European Union.
EU-10=next (latest) 10 countries to join the European Union (1 May 2004).
EU-CCs=candidate countries (those waiting to join the European Union).
EU-25=EU-15 plus EU-10.
*
First ranking country in each group and in each column.
†
Range in parentheses.