Table 2. Residual descriptors describing the reference simulation (Sim 1) and the simulation contaminated by a systematic error (Sim 2) with the true noise in the reflections being magnified by a factor of 5 compared with the formal value.

Column 2: mean weighted residual, . Column 3: significance of deviation of 〈ζ〉 from zero with σ(〈ζ〉) = [var(ζ)/N]^1/2 and population variance . Column 4: mean value of positive residuals. Column 5: mean value of absolute negative residuals. Column 6: mean value of squared positive residuals. Column 7: mean value of squared negative residuals. Columns 8 and 9: integer number of positive and negative residuals. Column 10: ratio of number of positive and negative residuals. Column 11: a measure of the significance of excess residuals when a random walk with 50% probability for positive and for negative steps is assumed. For more on the definitions of these metrics, see e.g. Domagala et al. (2023 ▸) and Henn (2019 ▸).

	〈ζ〉		〈ζ+〉	〈|ζ−|〉			#ζ+	#ζ−
Sim 1	0.00	−0.12	0.80 ± 0.04	0.80 ± 0.04	1.02 ± 0.09	1.00 ± 0.09	2390	2417	0.99	−0.39
Sim 2	−0.20	−8.00	0.83 ± 0.04	1.33 ± 0.11	1.15 ± 0.11	4.93 ± 0.91	2517	2290	1.10	3.27